Exosomes as Emerging Regulators of Immune Responses in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 2
Current studies of exosomes from nonimmune cells on immune responses in T2DM.
Source
Contents
Functions
Expression in diabetic status
Immune responses
Experimental model
References
Pancreatic β-cells
miRNA-29
Promoting the recruitment and activation of circulating monocytes and macrophages and, hence, inflammation, via miR-29 exosomes in a TRAF3-dependent manner
The exosomes miRNA-29, Shh, adipose tissue ELVs, and microRNA-34a are derived from nonimmune cells and play a role in promoting inflammation in T2DM, whereas ADSC-derived exosomes show anti-inflammatory effect.