Effects of Front Total Toe-In Angle on Tire Wear and Emissions for a Light-Duty Vehicle

Table 1

Experimental data for different parameters based on the front total toe-in​ angle.

Front total toe-in angle (°)	Angle rate,  =	Engine RPM	Increment of engine RPM (%)	Rolling resistance coefficient,	Increment of rolling resistance coefficient (%)	Rolling resistance,	Increment of rolling resistance (%)	Energy consumption, ​ (KJ)	Increment of energy consumption (%)	emissions (PPM/%) for octane	Increment of emissions (%)	CO emission PPM/(%)	Increment of CO emissions (%)	NOx PPM	Increment of NOx (%)
0.00	0.00	1310	0.00	0.021	0.00	196.74	0.00	1180.44	0.00	30000/(3%)	0.00	30300/(3.03%)	0.00	32	0.00
0.40	0.06	1415	8.02	0.021	1.42	199.52	1.42	1197.14	1.42	33000/(3.3%)	10.00	32700/(3.27%)	7.92	36	12.50
1.00	0.14	1455	11.07	0.023	7.82	212.13	7.82	1272.80	7.82	34000/(3.4%)	13.33	34400/(3.44%)	13.53	38	18.75
1.60	0.22	1485	13.36	0.025	19.38	234.86	19.38	1409.15	19.38	35000/(3.5%)	16.67	36100/(3.61%)	19.14	39	21.87
4.20	0.58	1710	30.53	0.048	128.86	450.26	128.86	2701.55	128.86	41000/(4.1%)	36.67	38300/(3.83%)	26.83	42	31.25