Hydrogen as Fuel for ICEs: State of Art and Technological Challenges

Table 2

Literature survey on hydrogen as fuel for ICEs.

References	Year	Title	Type of study and parameter	Key findings
[24]	2023	Conversion of a small size passenger car to hydrogen fueling: 0D/1D simulation of port vs. direct injection and boosting requirements	Numerical investigation	Increased pressure of injection improves the efficiency, the PFI layout requires much higher intake pressure boost than DI
			(i) Engine performance
			(ii) Injection pressure effect
[25]	2020	Lean combustion analysis using a corona discharge igniter in an optical engine fueled with methane and a hydrogen-methane blend	Experimental investigation	Hydrogen addition considerably stabilizes the combustion, thus extending the lean limit
			(i) Blend composition
			(ii) Spark plug design
[26]	2016	Analysis of combustion of methane and hydrogen–methane blends in small DI SI (direct injection spark ignition) engine using advanced diagnostics	Experimental investigation	The 2D imaging showed how the hydrogen addition makes the flame front faster of more homogeneous
			(i) Engine performance
			(ii) Flame area
[27]	2017	Effects of hydrogen direct injection strategy on characteristics of lean-burn hydrogen–gasoline engines	Experimental investigation	Hydrogen shortened the flame development, increasing the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure
			(i) Thermal efficiency
			(ii) Lean burn strategies
[28]	2015	Influence of spark timing on the performance and emission characteristics of gasoline–hydrogen-blended high-speed spark-ignition engine	Experimental investigation	Spark timing turned out to be a key factor for the thermal efficiency, shifting the combustion towards the TDC
			(i) Ignition timing influence
			(ii) NOx and CO emissions
[29]	2021	Effect of negative valve overlap on combustion and emissions of CNG-fuelled HCCI engine with hydrogen addition	Experimental investigation	Symmetric NVO strategy can achieve the highest EGR rate easing the HRR and reducing the PRR, which improves the rough running of HCCI engine, preventing the occurrence of knocking
			(i) Valve timing effect
			(ii) NOx emissions
[30]	2022	Effects of gasoline and hydrogen blends on exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption from gasoline internal combustion engines	Experimental investigation	Hydrogen improves the combustion quality by reducing the unburnt fractions, thus the possibility of explosive phenomena into the exhaust line
			(i) Engine temperature influence
			(ii) Fuel consumption
[31]	2019	Computational investigation of diesel injection strategies in hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine	Numerical investigation	The advance of diesel pilot injection results in a reduction of HC and CO and increase of NOx
			(i) Spray model
[32]	2023	Hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel direct-injection (H2DDI) combustion under compression-ignition engine conditions	Experimental investigation	The H2 jet ignites after a period from the interaction with pilot fuel. The duration depends on the pilot SOI, the onset of jet interaction, and the charge temperature
			(i) Spray model
			(ii) Hydrogen jet and diesel spray interaction