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References | Year | Title | Type of study and parameter | Key findings |
|
[24] | 2023 | Conversion of a small size passenger car to hydrogen fueling: 0D/1D simulation of port vs. direct injection and boosting requirements | Numerical investigation | Increased pressure of injection improves the efficiency, the PFI layout requires much higher intake pressure boost than DI |
(i) Engine performance |
(ii) Injection pressure effect |
|
[25] | 2020 | Lean combustion analysis using a corona discharge igniter in an optical engine fueled with methane and a hydrogen-methane blend | Experimental investigation | Hydrogen addition considerably stabilizes the combustion, thus extending the lean limit |
(i) Blend composition |
(ii) Spark plug design |
|
[26] | 2016 | Analysis of combustion of methane and hydrogen–methane blends in small DI SI (direct injection spark ignition) engine using advanced diagnostics | Experimental investigation | The 2D imaging showed how the hydrogen addition makes the flame front faster of more homogeneous |
(i) Engine performance |
(ii) Flame area |
|
[27] | 2017 | Effects of hydrogen direct injection strategy on characteristics of lean-burn hydrogen–gasoline engines | Experimental investigation | Hydrogen shortened the flame development, increasing the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure |
(i) Thermal efficiency |
(ii) Lean burn strategies |
|
[28] | 2015 | Influence of spark timing on the performance and emission characteristics of gasoline–hydrogen-blended high-speed spark-ignition engine | Experimental investigation | Spark timing turned out to be a key factor for the thermal efficiency, shifting the combustion towards the TDC |
(i) Ignition timing influence |
(ii) NOx and CO emissions |
|
[29] | 2021 | Effect of negative valve overlap on combustion and emissions of CNG-fuelled HCCI engine with hydrogen addition | Experimental investigation | Symmetric NVO strategy can achieve the highest EGR rate easing the HRR and reducing the PRR, which improves the rough running of HCCI engine, preventing the occurrence of knocking |
(i) Valve timing effect |
(ii) NOx emissions |
|
[30] | 2022 | Effects of gasoline and hydrogen blends on exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption from gasoline internal combustion engines | Experimental investigation | Hydrogen improves the combustion quality by reducing the unburnt fractions, thus the possibility of explosive phenomena into the exhaust line |
(i) Engine temperature influence |
(ii) Fuel consumption |
|
[31] | 2019 | Computational investigation of diesel injection strategies in hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine | Numerical investigation | The advance of diesel pilot injection results in a reduction of HC and CO and increase of NOx |
(i) Spray model |
|
[32] | 2023 | Hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel direct-injection (H2DDI) combustion under compression-ignition engine conditions | Experimental investigation | The H2 jet ignites after a period from the interaction with pilot fuel. The duration depends on the pilot SOI, the onset of jet interaction, and the charge temperature |
(i) Spray model |
(ii) Hydrogen jet and diesel spray interaction |
|