Review Article
Hydrogen as Fuel for ICEs: State of Art and Technological Challenges
Table 4
Hydrogen, CNG, gasoline, diesel, and ammonia fuel properties at 298K and 1 atm.
| Property | Hydrogen | CNG | Gasoline | Diesel | Ammonia |
| Density (kg/m3) | 0.08 | 0.70–0.72 | 720–760 | 820–845 | 0.73 | Flammability limits (volume % in air) | 4–75 | 4.3–15 | 1.4–7.6 | 0.6–5.6 | 15–28 | Flammability limits (ø) | 0.1–7.1 | 0.4–1.6 | 0.7–4 | — | — | Autoignition temperature in air (K) | 858 | 723 | 550 | 527 | 914 | Minimum ignition energy (mJ) | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 8 | Flame velocity (m/s) | 1.85 | 0.38 | 0.37–0.43 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.015 | Adiabatic flame temperature (K) | 2480 | 2214 | 2580 | 2600 | 2070 | Quenching distance (mm) | 0.64 | 2.1 | ∼2 | ∼2 | — | Stoichiometric fuel/air mass ratio | 0.029 | 0.069 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.165 | Lower heating value (MJ/kg) | 119.7 | 45.8 | 44.79 | 42.78 | 18.8 |
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