Associations between Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Demographic, Nutritional, and Lifestyle Factors
Table 1
Comparing demographic, nutritional, and lifestyle factors and changes in waist circumference and blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Factors
Increased waist circumferencea
Elevated blood pressureb
Yes
No
Yes
No
Sexc
Male
30 (57.7)
22 (42.3)
<0.001
35 (67.3)
17 (32.7)
Female
167 (97.1)
05 (2.9)
129 (75.0)
43 (25.0)
0.272
BMI (kg/m2)d
32.7 (29.5–39.1)
25.8 (24.1–27.5)
<0.001
32.0 (28.2–38.0)
31.9 (28.4–37.0)
0.992
Smokingc
Never smoked
86 (91.5)
08 (8.5)
69 (73.4)
25 (26.6)
Nonsmokers
34 (81.0)
08 (19.0)
28 (66.7)
14 (33.3)
Ex-smoker
63 (86.3)
10 (13.7)
0.302
55 (75.3)
18 (24.7)
0.696
Smokers
14 (93.3)
01 (6.7)
12 (80.0)
03 (20.0)
Alcohol consumption/monthc
Nonconsumer
101 (87.1)
15 (12.9)
90 (77.6)
26 (22.4)
1 drink
50 (90.9)
05 (9.1)
43 (78.2)
12 (21.8)
1–4 drinks
20 (90.9)
02 (9.1)
0.751
11 (50.0)
11 (50.0)
0.028
>5 drinks
26 (83.9)
05 (16.1)
20 (64.5)
11 (35.5)
Physical activityc
Sedentary
17 (73.9)
06 (26.1)
14 (60.9)
09 (39.1)
Irregularly active A
43 (91.5)
04 (8.5)
34 (72.3)
13 (27.7)
Irregularly active B
31 (86.1)
05 (18.5)
0.149
27 (75.0)
09 (25.0)
0.541
Active/very active
106 (89.8)
12 (10.2)
89 (75.4)
29 (24.6)
Sleep hoursd
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
0.745
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
8.0 (6.0–8.0)
0.002
aReference values: >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women (NCEP, 2002); breference values: systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg (NCEP, 2002); cdata presented as n (%); ddata presented as medians (Q1 = quartile 1 or percentile 25; Q3 = quartile 3 or percentile 75). BMI: body mass index. Significant values are given in bold (p < 0.05, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon test).
