Plasmodium Parasitaemia and Urine Alterations among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Aba Metropolis, Abia State, Nigeria

Table 3

Associations between malaria infection and presence of various urine markers.

	Not infected		Infected		Chi-square test					95% CI
	No.	%	No.	%	Value	Df	value	Cramer’s	OR	Lower	Upper
Proteinuria
Negative	143	47.49	157	52.51	104.775	1	<0.001	0.483	274.14	16.91	4444.00
Positive	0	0.00	151	100.00
Bilirubinuria
Negative	140	42.81	187	57.19	70.203	1	<0.001	0.395	45.29	11.01	186.34
Positive	2	1.63	121	98.37
Ascorbic acid
Negative	110	30.64	249	69.36	0.688	1	0.407	N/A	0.82	0.51	1.33
Positive	32	35.16	60	64.84
Urobilinogenuria
Negative	142	36.13	251	63.87	30.091	1	<0.001	0.259	65.16	4.00	1062.40
Positive	0	0.00	57	100.00
Blood
Negative	141	32.41	294	67.59	4.451	1	0.035	0.099	6.71	0.87	51.57
Positive	1	6.67	14	93.33
Nitrate
Negative	140	31.39	306	68.61	0.636	1	0.425	N/A	0.46	0.06	3.28
Positive	2	50.00	2	50.00
Ketone
Negative	140	31.46	305	68.54	0.636	1	0.425	N/A	0.69	0.11	4.17
Positive	2	40.00	3	60.00