Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Advances and Challenges

Table 4

Diagnosis methods in postnatal samples.

Sample	Time of sample collection	Target		Assay employed for diagnosis			Ref.
	At or after birth	Antibodies against T. gondii	Parasite and DNA	Immunoassay	PCR	Bioassay
						Mouse inoculation
PL	Yes	—	Yes	—	REP529 and B1 genes (qPCR)	—	[68]
	Yes	—	Yes	—	B1 gene	—	[65]
	Yes	—	Yes	—	REP529 gene (real-time PCR)	Swiss IOPS female mice	[63]
	Yes	—	Yes	—	B1 gene	[dnr]	[62, 67]
	Yes	—	Yes	—	B1 gene and RE sequence (conventional PCR-ELISA and real-time PCR)	[dnr]	[66]
	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Swiss Webster female mice	[64]
CL	Yes	IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgG avidity	—	ELISA (IgM, IgG, and IgA) and western blot (IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgG avidity)	—	—	[69]

PL: placenta; CL: colostrum; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; dnr: details not reported; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; qPCR: quantitative PCR; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.