Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Cameroon: Prevalence and Predictors—A Multisetting Community-Based Study
Table 3
Univariate analysis of factors associated with COPD in the COPD community study, Cameroon, 2014-2018.
Variables
Sample size/counts
COPD (%)
Crude OR (95% CI)
value (Wald)
value (LR)
Age, continuous (years)
5 021
/
1.03 (1.02, 1.04)
<0.001
<0.001
Age, categorical (years)
5 021
<0.001
19–39
2 044
34 (1.7)
1
/
40-59
1 969
58 (2.9)
1.8 (1.2, 2.7)
0.007
60-79
912
42 (4.6)
2.8 (1.7, 4.5)
<0.001
80+
96
11 (11.5)
7.6 (3.7, 15.6)
<0.001
Sex
5 021
0.079
Male
2 268
78 (3.4)
1
Female
2 753
67 (2.4)
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)
0.078
Higher level of education
5 017
<0.001
None
998
8 (0.8)
1
Primary
2 181
51 (2.3)
2.9 (1.4, 6.3)
0,004
Secondary
1 215
44 (3.6)
4.6 (2.2, 9.9)
<0.001
University
623
41 (6.6)
8.7 (4.1, 18.7)
<0.001
Residency
5 021
<0.001
City
3 564
66 (1.9)
1
/
Suburban or rural
1 457
79 (5.4)
3.0 (2.2, 4.2)
<0.001
Marital status
4 997
0.178
Couple
2 655
85 (3.2)
1
Single
2 342
60 (2.6)
1.3 (0.9, 1.8)
0.178
Socioeconomic level
4 988
0.02
High
1 010
22 (2.2)
1
Intermediate
2 009
44 (2.2)
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
0.983
Low
1 969
78 (4.0)
1.8 (1.1, 3.0)
0.012
Ethnic group
5 012
<0.001
Bantu
1 556
24 (1.5)
1
Semi-Bantu
2 736
97 (3.5)
2.4 (1.5, 3.7)
<0.001
Sudanese, Fulani, or mixed
720
24 (3.3)
2.2 (1.2, 3.9)
0.007
Tobacco smoking
5 004
0.001
No
4 183
106 (2.5)
1
Yes
821
39 (4.8)
1.9 (1.3, 2.8)
<0.001
Smoking category (pack-years)
5 004
0.001
None
4 183
106 (2.5)
1
/
<20
666
26 (3.9)
1.6 (1.0, 2.4)
0.045
21-40
98
7 (7.1)
3.0 (1.3, 6.5)
0.007
>40
57
6 (10.5)
4.5 (1.9, 10,8)
<0.001
Alcohol consumption
3 721
0.08
Abstinent
297
8 (2.7)
1
Former
2 441
79 (3.2)
1.2 (0.6, 2.5)
0.615
Occasional
217
18 (8.3)
3.2 (1.4, 7.7)
0.006
Regular
766
28 (3.7)
1.4 (0.6, 3.0)
0.438
Biomass fuel exposure
5 021
<0.001
No
1 607
19 (1.2)
1
/
Yes
3 414
126 (3.7)
3.2 (2.0, 5.2)
<0.001
History of tuberculosis
5 019
<0.001
No
4 886
130 (2.7)
1
Yes
133
15 (11.3)
4.6 (2.5, 8.0)
<0.001
History of asthma
5 016
<0.001
No
4 890
129 (2.6)
1
Yes
126
16 (12.7)
5.4 (3.0, 9.1)
<0.001
History of pneumonia
5 016
0.144
No
4 900
139 (2.8)
1
Yes
116
6 (5.2)
1.9 (0.7, 4.0)
0.144
Heart disease
5 017
0.807
No
4 973
144 (2.9)
1
Yes
44
1 (2.3)
0.8 (0.04, 3.6)
0.807
Hypertension
5 019
0.259
No
4 583
136 (3.0)
1
Yes
436
9 (2.1)
0.7 (0.3, 1.2)
0.285
Diabetes
5 018
0.520
No
4 888
139 (2.8)
1
Yes
130
5 (3.8)
1.4 (0.5, 3.1)
0.501
Chronic bronchitis
2 585
0.001
No
2 488
71 (2.9)
1
Yes
97
13 (13.4)
5.3 (2.7, 9.6)
<0.001
Chronic expectoration
1 333
0.278
No
1 248
66 (5.3)
1
Yes
85
7 (8.2)
1.6 (0.6, 3.4)
0.252
Dyspnea
5 021
<0.001
No
4 540
114 (2.5)
1
Yes
481
31 (6.4)
2.7 (1.7, 4.0)
<0.001
Weight category
<0.001
Normal
1 908
73 (3.8)
1
Thin
107
7 (6.5)
1.8 (0.8, 3.9)
0.167
Overweight
1 624
48 (3.0)
0.8 (0.5, 1.1)
0.157
Obese
1 378
17 (1.2)
0.3 (0.2, 0.5)
<0.001
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, and LR = likehood ratio. For variables associated with COPD at threshold 0.10, counts, frequencies, odd ratios and their confident intervals are presented in boldface.
