Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Cameroon: Prevalence and Predictors—A Multisetting Community-Based Study
Table 4
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with COPD in the COPD community study, Cameroon, 2014-2018. .
Variables
Univariate
Initial model
Final model
cOR (95% CI)
aOR (95% CI)
aOR (95% CI)
value (Wald)
value (LR)
Age, continuous (years)
1.03 (1.02, 1.04)
1.0 (0.97,1.04)
Age, categorical (years)
19–39
1
40-59
1.8 (1.2, 2.7)
0.9 (0.4, 2.0)
60-79
2.8 (1.7, 4.5)
0.8 (0.2, 3.1)
80+
7.6 (3.7, 15.6)
1.3 (0.2, 8.7)
Sex
Male
1
1
Female
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)
0.7 (0.4, 1.0)
Level of education
0.001
None
1
1
1
/
Primary
2.9 (1.4, 6.3)
2.9 (1.3, 6.6)
2.7 (1.2, 6.0)
0.015
Secondary
4.6 (2.2, 9.9)
3.4 (1.4, 8.1)
3.1 (1.3, 7.1)
0.009
University
8.7 (4.1, 18.7)
5.6 (2.1, 14.7)
4.7 (2.0, 11.1)
<0.001
Residency
<0.001
City
1
1
1
/
Semiurban or rural
3.0 (2.2, 4.2)
1.7 (1.1, 2.7)
2.0 (1.4, 3.0)
<0.001
Socioeconomic level
High
1
1
Intermediate
1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
0.7 (0.4, 1.2)
Low
1.8 (1.1, 3.0)
0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
Ethnic group
Bantu
1
1
Semi-Bantu
2.4 (1.5, 3.7)
1.3 (0.7, 2.2)
Sudanese, Fulani, or mixed
2.2 (1.2, 3.9)
0.7 (0.4, 1.5)
Smoking
0.014
No
1
1
1
/
Yes
1.9 (1.3, 2.8)
1.4 (0.9, 2.2)
1.7 (1.1, 2.5)
0.011
Biomass smoke exposure
0.016
No
1
1
1
/
Yes
3.2 (2.0, 5.2)
2.0 (1.2, 3.6)
1.9 (1.1, 3.3)
0.021
Dyspnea
<0.001
No
1
1
1
/
Yes
2.7 (1.7, 4.0)
2.2 (1.4, 3.5)
2.2 (1.4, 3.5)
<0.001
History of tuberculosis
<0.001
No
1
1
1
/
Yes
4.6 (2.5, 8.0)
3.6 (1.9, 6.8)
3.6 (1.9, 6.7)
<0.001
History of asthma
<0.001
No
1
1
1
/
Yes
5.4 (3.0, 9.1)
6.6 (3.5, 12.2)
6.3 (3.4, 11.6)
<0.001
Weight category
<0.001
Normal
1
1
/
Lean
1.8 (0.8, 3.9)
1.2 (0.5, 3.0)
1.1 (0.5, 2.6)
0.833
Overweight
0.8 (0.5, 1.1)
0.7 (0.5, 1.1)
0.7 (0.5, 1.1)
0.162
Obese
0.3 (0.2, 0.5)
0.3 (0.2, 0.5)
0.3 (0.2, 0.5)
<0.001
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, c/a OR = crude/adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, and LR = likehood ratio. For variables associated with COPD at threshold 0.05, counts, frequencies, odd ratios and their confident intervals are presented in boldface.
