Do Causes Influence Functional Aspects and Quality of Life in Patients with Nonfibrocystic Bronchiectasis?

Table 2

Comparison between the causes of bronchiectasis (^#).

Variables	Idiopathic ()	Postinfectious ()	CD ()	COPD ()	Immunodeficiencies ()	value
Clinical data
Age (years)						<0.0001
Female gender, (%)	18 (60.0)	28 (71.8)	12 (37.5)	13 (44.8)	8 (61.5)	0.038
BMI (kg/m^2)						0.276
Symptoms, (%)
Cough	19 (82.6)	23 (76.7)	20 (90.9)	15 (71.4)	10 (90.9)	0.479
Dry cough	6 (26.1)	7 (23.3)	5 (22.7)	5 (23.8)	2 (18.2)	0.992
Productive cough	13 (56.5)	16 (55.2)	15 (68.2)	10 (47.6)	8 (72.7)	0.565
Wheezing	15 (65.2)	22 (73.3)	17 (77.3)	12 (57.1)	6 (54.5)	0.504
Dyspnea (mMRC)
0-1	15 (50.0)	16 (41.0)	23 (71.9)	12 (41.4)	8 (61.5)	0.067
≥2	15 (50.0)	23 (59.0)	9 (28.1)	17 (58.6)	5 (38.5)
Risk factors
Tobacco exposure, (%)
Smoker	7 (23.3)	16 (41.0)	6 (18.8)	20 (69.0)	4 (30.8)	0.001
Pack-years						<0.01
Maternal smoking	12 (42.9)	8 (2)	3 (17.7)	9 (56.3)	1 (12.5)	0.090
Paternal smoking	16 (57.1)	21 (84.0)	11 (64.7)	9 (56.3)	5 (62.5)	0.256
Smoking mother during pregnancy	7 (25.0)	4 (16.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (31.3)	1 (12.5)	0.105
Wood stove exposure (years), (%)						0.696
Personal and familial antecedents, (%)
Preterm birth	2 (7.1)	4 (16.0)	4 (23.5)	2 (12.5)	0 (0.0)	0.475
RNF	6 (21.4)	3 (12.0)	5 (29.4)	1 (6.3)	0 (0.0)	0.268
Pneumonia	14 (50.0)	9 (36.0)	10 (58.8)	2 (12.5)	1 (12.5)	0.029
Pertussis	6 (21.4)	8 (32.0)	2 (11.8)	3 (18.8)	0 (0.0)	0.342
Tuberculosis, yes ()	3 (11.5)	23 (65.7)	5 (17.9)	1 (4.3)	1 (8.3)	<0.0001
Measles	16 (57.1)	14 (56.0)	8 (47.1)	9 (56.3)	2 (25.0)	0.545
Otitis	6 (21.4)	5 (20.0)	6 (35.3)	3 (18.8)	3 (37.5)	0.649
Sinusitis	11 (39.3)	7 (28.0)	7 (41.2)	5 (31.3)	6 (75.0)	0.193
Exacerbations (last year)						0.229
Hospitalization (last year)						0.103
Hospital days						0.528
Comorbidities, (%)
Systemic arterial hypertension	17 (56.7)	17 (43.6)	6 (18.8)	18 (62.1)	1 (8.3)	0.001
Diabetes mellitus	9 (30.0)	8 (20.5)	1 (3.1)	8 (28.6)	1 (8.3)	0.038
Dyslipidemia	6 (20.7)	7 (17.9)	0 (0.0)	9 (31.0)	1 (8.3)	0.006
CCI						<0.0001
Drug treatment, (%)
ICS	22 (78.6)	23 (60.5)	23 (74.2)	23 (79.3)	9 (81.8)	0.345
Systemic corticosteroid	1 (3.6)	2 (5.3)	2 (6.5)	3 (10.3)	0 (0.0)	0.84
LABA	8 (28.6)	12 (31.6)	9 (29.0)	8 (27.6)	3 (27.3)	0.997
SABA	2 (7.1)	8 (21.1)	3 (9.7)	5 (17.2)	0 (0.0)	0.308
LAMA	11 (39.3)	17 (44.7)	11 (35.5)	21 (72.4)	3 (27.3)	0.021
SAMA	0 (0.0)	4 (10.5)	2 (6.5)	2 (6.9)	1 (9.1)	0.455
Macrolide	12 (42.9)	11 (28.9)	12 (38.7)	10 (34.5)	7 (63.6)	0.305
Home oxygen therapy	4 (13.3)	6 (16.7)	3 (9.4)	7 (25.0)	1 (8.3)	0.546
Functional data
SpO2 (%)						0.026
FVC (L)						0.001
FVC (% of predicted)						0.146
FEV1 (L)						<0.01
FEV1 (% of predicted)						0.006
FEV1/FVC						<0.01
6MWT ()
6MWD (m)						0.008
6MWD as % of predicted value according to different prediction equations
Enright and Sherrill [11]						0.988
Iwama et al. [12]						0.195
Soares and Pereira [13]						0.940
Desaturation	3 (23.1)	1 (7.7)	4 (18.2)	9 (69.2)	3 (50.0)	0.004
Microbiological culture of sputum
P. aeruginosa (ever)	10 (52.6)	11 (42.3)	7 (28.0)	7 (36.8)	3 (30.0)	0.516
P. aeruginosa (≥2 last year)	6 (31.6)	8 (30.8)	6 (25.0)	5 (26.3)	2 (20.0)	0.955
Quality of life (SGRQ) ()
Symptoms						0.724
Activity						0.069
Psychosocial impact						0.184
Total						0.267

Values expressed as deviation or as measures of frequency, as appropriate. ^#24 patients out of 167 have multiple causes and were excluded of this comparative analysis (see text for more details). % of predicted value according to different prediction equations. No. of patients who presented SpO₂ drop at the end of the %, or 4-point drop of initial SpO₂. BMI: body mass index; RNF: neonatal respiratory failure; CCI: Charlson’s comorbidity index; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; LABA: long-acting beta agonist; SABA: short-acting beta agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; SpO₂: peripheral oxygen saturation; mMRC: Medical Research Council; 6MWT: six-minute walk test; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CD: ciliary dyskinesia; SGRQ: Saint George’s Hospital Questionnaire on respiratory disease.