|
PPAR subtype | Pesticide | Chemical classification | Type of pesticide | Model of study | Item | Year | References |
|
PPARα | Methidathion | Organophosphate | Insecticide | Male B6C3F1 mice | These pesticides not active PPARα in a tumorigenesis process | 2022 | Rooney et al. [103] |
Fenthion |
Parathion |
Fibronil | Phenylpyrazole | Insecticide | Male albino rats | Up-regulated FABP, ACC1, and PPARα | 2021 | Wasef et al. [80] |
Carbendazim | Carbamate | Fungicide | Male zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Level of glucose decreased and PPARα, ACO, CPT1 were not affected | 2020 | Bao et al. [91] |
Boscalid | Anilide | Fungicide | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Decrease the content of TG and cholesterol by accelerating lipolysis; and inhibiting lipogenesis, via the regulation of PPARα | 2019 | Qian et al. [95] |
Permethrin | Pyrethroid | Insecticide | Female C57BL/6N wild-type or PPARα (KO) mice | Increase expression of PPARα in hepatocytes and KO mice the effect decreases | 2019 | Kondo et al. [63] |
Propaquizafop | Ariloxiphenoxypropionate | Herbicide | Male SD wild-type or PPARα (KO) rats | PPARα regulates the biochemical and histological changes in the liver in hepatocarcinogenesis | 2018 | Strupp et al. [98] |
Propamocarb | Carbamate | Fungicide | Male C57bL/6J mice | Decrease PPARα and increase hepatic bile acids with a change of energy metabolism and the gut microbiota | 2018 | Wu et al.89 |
2,4-D | Organochlorine | Herbicide | Male Sv/129 wild-type or PPARα-null mice | Induce testicular toxicity due to disruption of cholesterol/testosterone homeostasis in Leydig cells via PPARα | 2016 | Harada et al. [109] |
Oxadiazon | Oxadiazol | Herbicide | Male C3H/HeNCrl and CAR (KO) mice | PPARα and CAR are involved in the development of liver tumors | 2016 | Kuwata et al. [99] |
Toxaphene | Organochlorine | Insecticide | Male B6C3F1 mice | Induce mouse liver tumors, increase CAR, AhR but not PPARα target genes | 2015 | Wan et al. [102] |
Myclobutanil | Triazole | Fungicide | Male Wistar Han IGS rats | Perturb fatty acid and steroid metabolism in the liver predominantly through the CAR, PPARα, and PXR signaling pathways. | 2009 | Goetz and Dix [93] |
Propiconazole |
Triadimefon |
Methyl thiophanate | Thioallophanate | Fungicide | Male lizard (Podarcis sicula) | Increase AOX and PPARα | 2006 | Buono et al. [92] |
PPARβ/δ | Atrazine | Triazine | Herbicide | Xenopus leavis tadpoles | Increase PPARβ/δ, which is associated with the conversion of lipid and proteins into energy | 2011 | Zaya et al. [94] |
PPARγ | DDT | Organophosphate | Insecticide | Male SD rats | Decrease PPARγ expression | 2022 | Al-Obaidi [79] |
DDE | | | | | | |
Bromuconazole | Triazole | Fungicide | Male SD rats | Decrease the TG synthesis via inhibiting the PPARγ pathway | 2021 | Wu et al. [18] |
TBT | Organotion | Antifouling | Male C57BL/6 mice | Activate PPARγ, increase lipid accumulation and the expression of lipid metabolism | 2021 | Jie et al. [65] |
Dieldrin | Organochlorine | Insecticide | Male C57BL/6 mice | No affect the genes regulated by PPARγ in hepatocarcinogenesis | 2020 | Wang et al. [97] |
Paraquat | Dipiridile | Herbicide | Male Wistar rats | Activation of PPARγ with pioglitazone, decreases the concentrations of MDA (a lipid peroxidation marker) | 2020 | Amin et al. [107] |
Monocrotophos | Organophosphate | Insecticide | Male CFT-Wistar rats | Increase lipid content in the liver, PPARγ, ACC, and FAS | 2020 | Nagaraju et al. [85] |
TPT | Organotion | Antifouling | Xenopus tropicalis embryos | TPT exposure reversed some impacts induced by PPARγ overexpression | 2018 | Zhu et al. [110] |
TBT | Organotion | Antifouling | Female Wistar rats | Abnormal ovarian adipogenesis with increased cholesterol levels, lipid accumulation, PPARγ, C/EBP-β, and Lipin-1 | 2018 | de Araújo et al. [77] |
TBT | Organotion | Antifouling | Male C57bL/6J mice | Increase mRNA expression of the PPARγ target genes Fabp4, Plin1 | 2017 | Baker et al. [76] |
Mancozeb | Dithiocarbamate | Fungicide | Swiss albino mice | Affect PPARγ and increased the cholesterol and TG | 2014 | Bhaskar and Mohanty [78] |
Imidacloprid | Neonicotinoid | Insecticide | No affinity to PPARγ |
Paraquat | Dipiridile | Herbicide | Male Wistar rats | Atorvastatin reduces the inflammation produced by pesticide, via PPARγ | 2014 | Malekinejad et al. [131] |
Pronamide | Benzamide | Herbicide | Male CD-1 mice | The MoA of hepatocarcinogenesis although to PPARγ and CAR | 2014 | LeBaron et al. [100] |
Nitrofen | Diphenyl ether | Herbicide | Pregnant rats and their fetus | Down-regulated PPARγ and altered late gestation possibly due to impair lung development and maturation | 2012 | Gosemann et al. [132] |
Paraquat | Dipiridile | Herbicide | PPARγ heterozygous mice (PPARclox/lox/aP2-Cre) | Reduce expression of PPARγ, improve insulin sensitivity, and increased resistance to paraquat-induce oxidative stress | 2008 | Luo et al. [105] |
TBT | Organotion | Antifouling | Pregnant C57BL/6J mice and their pups | Increase the number of adipocytes and lipid accumulation through RXR and PPARγ | 2006 | Grün et al. [130] |
PPARα PPARγ | Imidacloprid | Neonicotinoids | Insecticide | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Inhibit the growth of zebrafish and alters the levels of glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress; reduce the expression of PPARα and PPARγ | 2021 | Luo et al. [96] |
Endosulfan sulfate | Organochlorine | Insecticide | Pregnant CD-1 mice and their male pups | In high and low-fat diet, PPARα and its target gene Cpt1a are increased, but not modify PPARγ | 2021 | Yan et al. [87] |
Chlorpyrifos | Organophosphate | Insecticide | Male zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Decrease PPARα and PPARγ, due to lipid metabolism disorders that are associated with gut oxidative stress and microbiota dysbiosis | 2019 | Wang et al. [86] |
Atrazine | Triazine | Herbicide | Male Kunming mice | Induce nephrotoxicity via modulating CYP450, PPARα, PPARγ, AhR, CAR, and PXR | 2018 | Xia et al. [108] |
Lambda cyhalothrin | Pyrethroid | Insecticide | Male albino rats | Up-regulate mRNA expression levels of PPARα, PPARγ, TNF-α FAS, and SREBP-1C | 2016 | Moustafa and Hussein [81] |
Triphenyltin | Organotion | Antifouling | Wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) | In chronic exposure, increase the expression of PPARα, PPARγ, FAS, and LPL | 2013 | Higley et al. [75] |
PPARα PPARγ PPARβ/δ | Glyphosate | Organophosphate | Herbicide | Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | Increase lipid content, alter redox status in liver, the genes involved in ion transport, lipid metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathway | 2022 | Jia et al. [74] |
Allethrin | Pyrethroids | Insecticide | Male Sprague Dawley rats | No activation of nuclear receptor in liver | 2019 | Fujino et al. [30] |
Bioresmethrin |
Cis-permetryn |
Cypermethrin |
Deltamethrin |
Fenvalerate |
Trans-permetryn |
Phenothrin |
Difenoconazole | Triazole | Fungicide | Marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) | Increase the expression of receptor PPARα, PPARβ/δ, PPARγ, and increase lipid levels in muscle but not in liver | 2016 | Dong et al. [73] |
Paclobutrazol | Triazole | Fungicide | Male rockfish (Sebasticus marmoratus) | Increase total lipid, TG, TC, free fatty acid and up-regulate PPARα, PPARβ/δ, PPARγ, AR, FAS, FABP4, ACC | 2013 | Sun et al. [72] |
Atrazine | Triazine | Herbicide | CFI mice | No interact with the receptors α, β/δ, or γ | 2003 | Devos et al. [104] |
Diclofop | Ariloxiphenoxypropionate | Herbicide | Male Wistar rats (Pzh:WIS) | Increase the number of peroxisome and are a rodent PP | 2001 | Palut et al. [101] |
Oxadiazon | Oxadiazol | Herbicide | Male SD rats | Peroxisome proliferation only occurred in rats and mice maybe to PPARs activation | 1996 | Richert et al. [83] |
| | | Male CD1 mice | | | |
| | | Male beagle dogs | | | |
|