PPAR Research / 2023 / Article / Tab 1 / Research Article
PPARβ /δ Agonism with GW501516 Increases Myotube PGC-1α Content and Reduces BCAA Media Content Independent of Changes in BCAA Catabolic Enzyme Expression Table 1 Summary of experimental model, treatment conditions, and related findings to present report.
Model Dose of GW501516 Duration Effect Reference C2C12 Myotubes 10 nM 16 hours ↑ Glucose uptake Kramer et al. [29 ] 100 nM 24 hours ↑ Cpt1, Pdk4, Ucp3 mRNA Kleiner et al. [42 ] 1 μ M 24 hours ↑ Pdk4 mRNA expression Aoki et al. [43 ] 1 μ M 24 hours ↑ Cpt1, Pdk4, Ucp3 mRNA and ↔mitochondrial function Tumova et al. [28 ] 1 μ M 24 hours ↑ PPAR and PGC-1α promoter activity and Ppargc1a and Cpt1 mRNA expression Hondares et al. [26 ] 1 μ M 24 hours ↑ PPAR and PGC-1α promoter activity and Ppargc1a and Ucp2 mRNA expression Miura et al. [25 ] 1 μ M* 24 hours ↑ PPAR and PGC-1α promoter activity and Ucp1, Ucp2, Ucp3 mRNA expression Dressel et al. [44 ] 1 μ M + BMS691 at 10 μ M 16 hours ↑ Ppargc1a mRNA Schuler et al. [8 ] 1 μ M + PAL at 500 μ M 16 hours ↑ pAMPK, PDK4, and CPT1 protein expression and rescued palmitate oxidation Coll et al. [45 ] 1 μ M 48 hours ↑ PPAR reporter activity Remels et al. [31 ] 5 μ M 16 hours ↑ Or rescued Cpt1 mRNA expression/rescued palmitate oxidation (TNFα suppressed) Zizola et al. [27 ] 10 μ M 24 hours ↑ Cpt-1b, Acadm, and Acox mRNA expression and pAMPK protein expression Aguilar-Recarte et al. [46 ] L6 Myotubes 30, 100, and 300 nM (L6 myotubes) 24 hours ↑ Ppargc1a, Ucp2, Ucp3, and Cpt1 mRNA expression and palmitate oxidation Tanaka et al. [1 ] 100 nM (L6 myotubes) 5 days ↑ UCP3 and ↓GLUT4 protein expression Higashida et al. [47 ] 1 μ M (L6 myotubes) 24 hours ↑ PGC-1α and CPT1 with ↔ PPARδ protein expression and ↑ palmitate oxidation Dimopoulos et al. [48 ] 1 μ M (L6 myotubes) 24 hours ↑ Palmitate oxidation and Cpt1 mRNA expression Hondares et al. [26 ]
*Indicates effects were enhanced by concurrent RXR agonism. Abbreviations: Cpt1 : carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; Glut4 : glucose transporter 4; Ppargc1a : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; Ppar : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; Ppard : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Pdk4 : pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; Ucp : uncoupling protein.