Obstacles of Online Learning Facing Nursing Students after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 4

Mann–Whitney test for subscale differences based on participants’ characteristics.

Characteristics	Outcome variable	Group	N	Mean rank	Mann–Whitney U	Z	P value
Gender	Academic obstacles	Male	99	148.30	9732	−1.88	0.060
		Female	226	169.44
	Technological obstacles	Male	99	149.89	9889	−1.67	0.095
		Female	226	168.74
	Administrative obstacles	Male	99	155.74	10486.5	−0.93	0.354
		Female	226	166.18
Study program	Academic obstacles	Regular	159	187.56	9291.5	−4.64	≤0.001
		Bridging	166	139.47
	Technological obstacles	Regular	159	180.65	10390.5	−3.32	0.001
		Bridging	166	146.09
	Administrative obstacles	Regular	159	189.14	9040.5	−4.94	≤0.001
		Bridging	166	137.96
University	Academic obstacles	Governmental	105	205.42	6990.5	−5.75	≤0.001
		Private	219	141.92
	Technological obstacles	Governmental	105	190.47	8560.5	−3.73	≤0.001
		Private	219	149.09
	Administrative obstacles	Governmental	105	205.67	6964.5	−5.78	≤0.001
		Private	219	141.80