Obstacles of Online Learning Facing Nursing Students after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 5

Kruskal–Wallis tests for subscale differences based on participants’ characteristics.

Characteristics	Outcome variable	Group	N	Mean rank		P value
Gender	Academic obstacles	Single	245	172.17	9.60	0.008
		Married	71	135.27
		Divorced/Widowed	9	132.11
	Technological obstacles	Single	245	172.08	9.97	0.007
		Married	71	132.24
		Divorced/Widowed	9	158.61
	Administrative obstacles	Single	245	176.96	22.27	≤0.001
		Married	71	119.68
		Divorced/Widowed	9	124.78
Number of family members	Academic obstacles	Less than 5 members	63	140.29	7.123	0.028
		5–9 members	238	171.36
		10 or more members	24	139.71
	Technological obstacles	Less than 5 members	63	149.38	1.747	0.417
		5–9 members	238	165.71
		10 or more members	24	171.92
	Administrative obstacles	Less than 5 members	63	141.29	4.234	0.120
		5–9 members	238	168.04
		10 or more members	24	170.04
Family income	Academic obstacles	Less than 500 USD	163	155.98	6.404	0.094
		500–999 USD	136	163.33
		1000–1499 USD	18	210.03
		1500 USD or more	8	194.63
	Technological obstacles	Less than 500 USD	163	168.94	4.521	0.210
		500–999 USD	136	154.22
		1000–1499 USD	18	152.53
		1500 USD or more	8	214.81
	Administrative obstacles	Less than 500 USD	163	160.83	1.085	0.781
		500–999 USD	136	162.19
		1000–1499 USD	18	178.50
		1500 USD or more	8	186.13
Geographical region	Academic obstacles	Northern	203	162.47	1.298	0.523
		Middle	112	161.02
		Southern	10	195.90
	Technological obstacles	Northern	203	167.53	1.576	0.455
		Middle	112	154.05
		Southern	10	171.35
	Administrative obstacles	Northern	203	169.46	5.335	0.069
		Middle	112	148.07
		Southern	10	199.15
Living place	Academic obstacles	With family	309	160.84	18.195	≤0.001
		University dormitory	7	285.43
		With colleagues/friends	5	207.50
		Alone	4	60.00
	Technological obstacles	With family	309	159.63	10.230	0.017
		University dormitory	7	239.36
		With colleagues/friends	5	258.10
		Alone	4	170.88
	Administrative obstacles	With family	309	161.34	10.884	0.012
		University dormitory	7	254.21
		With colleagues/friends	5	204.00
		Alone	4	80.25
Study year	Academic obstacles	1st year	64	162.54	3.125	0.373
		2nd year	37	187.27
		3rd year	101	155.76
		≥4th year	123	161.89
	Technological obstacles	1st year	64	166.98	2.323	0.508
		2nd year	37	176.57
		3rd year	101	167.00
		≥4th year	123	153.57
	Administrative obstacles	1st year	64	154.15	2.928	0.403
		2nd year	37	179.09
		3rd year	101	155.16
		≥4th year	123	169.20
Available Internet	Academic obstacles	Not available	6	213.83	8.769	0.033
		Mobile data	138	149.82
		Internet router	117	162.78
		Two sources	64	187.05
	Technological obstacles	Not available	6	275.92	10.862	0.012
		Mobile data	138	158.62
		Internet router	117	155.61
		Two sources	64	175.38
	Administrative obstacles	Not available	6	218.58	12.882	0.005
		Mobile data	138	147.86
		Internet router	117	161.02
		Two sources	64	194.05
Available devices	Academic obstacles	Mobile phone	207	148.52	17.574	0.001
		Desktop computer	8	170.38
		Laptop	4	107.38
		Tablet	3	223.17
		More than one device	103	191.93
	Technological obstacles	Mobile phone	207	163.64	2.671	0.614
		Desktop computer	8	134.25
		Laptop	4	111.00
		Tablet	3	206.33
		More than one device	103	164.71
	Administrative obstacles	Mobile phone	207	154.66	10.831	0.029
		Desktop computer	8	117.38
		Laptop	4	111.50
		Tablet	3	153.67
		More than one device	103	185.58