The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data demonstrate that the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is lower for women, but that the incidence increases after fifty years of age, at which menopause is regularly reached, suggesting that female hormones may be protective for NHL. This study examines the influence of sex on lymphoma risk in a relevant large animal model. Records for dogs in the Veterinary Medical Database were analyzed from 1964 to 2002. Risk ratios were calculated to evaluate associations between sex, neutering status, and lymphoma occurrence. A total of 14,573 cases and 1,157,342 controls were identified. Intact females had a significantly lower risk of developing lymphoma, Odds Ratio 0.69 (0.63&#x2013;0.74) with a <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M1" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3C" d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>. We conclude that there is a sex effect on NHL risk in dogs similar to humans. We hypothesize that the hormone levels of intact females lower the risk of NHL. The possibility of a protective role of endogenous estrogens in the etiology of NHL should be investigated.

J. Armando Villamil

Carolyn J. Henry

Allen W. Hahn

Jeffrey N. Bryan

Jeff W. Tyler

Charles W. Caldwell

Hormonal and Sex Impact on the Epidemiology of Canine Lymphoma

In a population-based case-control study, we explored the associations between 42 polymorphisms in seven genes in this region and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk among Caucasian (364 cases; 380 controls) and African American (95 cases; 103 controls) women. Two <i>TERT</i> region SNPs, rs2075786 and rs2853677, conferred an increased risk of developing NSCLC, especially among African American women, and <i>TERT</i>-rs2735940 was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer among African Americans. Five of the 20 <i>GHR</i> polymorphisms and <i>SEPP1</i>-rs6413428 were associated with a marginally increased risk of NSCLC among Caucasians. Random forest analysis reinforced the importance of <i>GHR</i> among Caucasians and identified <i>AMACR, TERT</i>, and <i>GHR</i> among African Americans, which were also significant using gene-based risk scores. Smoking-SNP interactions were explored, and haplotypes in <i>TERT</i> and <i>GHR</i> associated with NSCLC risk were identified. The roles of <i>TERT, GHR, AMACR</i> and <i>SEPP1</i> genes in lung carcinogenesis warrant further exploration.

Alison L. Van Dyke

Michele L. Cote

Angela S. Wenzlaff

Judith Abrams

Susan Land

Priyanka Iyer

Ann G. Schwartz

Chromosome 5p Region SNPs Are Associated with Risk of NSCLC among Women

There is uncertainty about risk heterogeneity for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in older 
patients with advanced cancer and whether patients can be stratified according to VTE risk. We performed a retrospective cohort study of the linked Medicare-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry in older patients with advanced cancer of lung, breast, colon, prostate, or pancreas diagnosed between 1995–1999. We used survival analysis with demographics, comorbidities, and tumor characteristics/treatment as independent variables. Outcome was VTE diagnosed at least one month after cancer diagnosis. VTE rate was highest in the first year (3.4%). Compared to prostate cancer (1.4 VTEs/100 person-years), there was marked variability in VTE risk (hazard ratio (HR) for male-colon cancer 3.73 (95% CI 2.1–6.62), female-colon cancer HR 6.6 (3.83–11.38), up to female-pancreas cancer HR 21.57 
(12.21–38.09). Stage IV cancer and chemotherapy resulted in higher risk (HRs 1.75 (1.44–2.12) and 1.31 (1.0–1.57), resp.). Stratifying the cohort by cancer type and stage using recursive partitioning analysis yielded five groups of VTE rates (nonlocalized prostate cancer 1.4 VTEs/100 person-years, to nonlocalized pancreatic cancer 17.4 VTEs/100 patient-years). In a high-risk population with advanced cancer, substantial variability in VTE risk exists, with notable differences according to cancer type and stage.

Isaac E. Hall

Martin S. Andersen

Harlan M. Krumholz

Cary P. Gross

Predictors of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Advanced Common Solid Cancers

Advances have been made in treatment and outcomes for pediatric cancer. However adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer have not experienced similar relative improvements. We undertook a study to develop the methodology necessary for epidemiologic cancer research in these age groups. Our goal was to create the Kids, Adolescents, and Young Adults Cancer (KAYAC) project to create a resource to address research questions relevant to this population. We used a combination of clinic and population-based ascertainment to enroll 111 cases aged 0&#8211;39 for this methodology development study. The largest groups of cancer types enrolled include: breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and melanoma. The overall participation rate is 69.8&#37; and varies by age and tumor type. The study included patients, mothers, and fathers. The methods used to establish this resource are described, and the values of the resource in studies of childhood and young adult cancer are outlined.

Nancy J. Link

Eva Maurer

Joan Largent

Erin Kent

Rebecca A. Morris

Leonard S. Sender

Hoda Anton-Culver

Kids, Adolescents, and Young Adults Cancer  Study&#x2014;A Methodologic Approach in Cancer Epidemiology Research

Radiotherapy exerts part of its antineoplastic effect  by generating oxidative stress, therefore genetic variation in
oxidative stress-related enzymes may influence survival of rectal
cancer patients. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms
associated with higher amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
that exaggerate cytotoxic activity could improve survival after
radiotherapy. We followed 114 rectal cancer patients who received
radiotherapy  for an average of 42.5 months. Associations between
genotypes (<i>GSTP1</i>, <i>GSTM1</i>,
<i>GSTT1</i>, <i>CAT</i>,
<i>MnSOD</i>, <i>MPO</i> and
<i>eNOS</i>) and overall survival were assessed using
Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression. As
hypothesized, patients carrying low ROS producing
<i>eNOS</i> Glu298Asp asparagine allele showed an
increased hazard of death compared to homozygous carriers of the
glutamine allele (hazard ratio (HR): 2.10, 95% confidence
interval (CI): 1.01–4.38). However, carriers of low ROS
producing <i>MPO</i> G463A A allele had a decreased
hazard of death compared to patients homozygous for the G allele
(HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21–0.93) although patients
homozygous for the A allele had a slightly increased hazard (HR:
1.12, 95% CI: 0.25–5.08). This explorative study
provides first results and highlights the need for further, larger
studies to investigate association between genetic variation in
oxidative stress genes and survival of rectal cancer patients who
received radiotherapy.

Silvia Funke

Angela Risch

Alexandra Nieters

Michael Hoffmeister

Christa Stegmaier

Christoph M. Seiler

Hermann Brenner

Jenny Chang-Claude

Genetic Polymorphisms in Genes Related to Oxidative Stress (<i>GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1, CAT, MnSOD, MPO, eNOS</i>) and Survival of Rectal Cancer Patients after Radiotherapy

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is considered to represent the prototype of cancer linked to the sequential loss or inactivation of both alleles of a so-called &#8220;tumor suppressor gene&#8221;, the Rb1 gene. The pathogenetic mechanism behind this tumor was first hypothesized by Knudson in 1971 and further confirmed by others  who identified the Rb1 gene whose loss or inactivation was claimed to be responsible for the disease. However, after about four decades of continuous research in the field of molecular biology, the evidence behind the role of the Rb1 gene in Rb appears to be seriously flawed in the light of epidemiological, biological, and clinical evidences. This editorial summarizes the inconsistencies on this subject. Nevertheless, the molecular biology establishment still adheres to the biased view of the genetic origin of Rb and other cancers, and hardly any alternative explanations are taken into account.

Domenico Mastrangelo

Theodora Hadjistilianou

Sonia De Francesco

Cosimo Lor&#233;

Retinoblastoma and the Genetic Theory of Cancer: An Old Paradigm Trying to Survive to the Evidence

Several lifestyle factors play a significant role in determining an individual&#x27;s risk of breast cancer. Many of them could be modified to protect against the malignancy. A nested case-control study was conducted to examine the association between selected lifestyle factors and non-<i  >BRCA</i>-related breast cancer risk among French-Canadian women. Some 280 women with breast cancer and who were nongene carriers of mutated <i  >BRCA</i> gene were recruited as cases. Another 280 women, without any cancer and nongene carriers of mutated <i  >BRCA</i> gene served as controls. A tested lifestyle questionnaire was interviewer administered to incident cases to obtain information on weight history, smoking, physical activity, and other lifestyle risk factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95&#x25; confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in logistic regression models.
Comparing cases to controls, breast cancer risk was higher among subjects who reached their maximum body mass index (BMI) at an older age (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt;width:10.1px;" id="M1" height="8.9125004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"><path id="x3E" d="M512 230l-437 -233v58l378 199v2l-378 200v58l437 -233v-51z" /></g>

        
    
</svg>50 years) (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:71px;" id="M2" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><path id="x52" d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144&#xA;q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g>

        
    
</svg>; 95&#x25; CI: 2.34&#x2013;2.91). A positive association was noted between breast cancer risk and weight gain of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt;width:10.1px;" id="M3" height="8.9125004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"><use xlink:href="#x3E"/></g>

        
    
</svg>34&#x2009;lbs compared to weight gain of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.546pt;width:14.825px;" id="M4" height="10.15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.825 10.15" width="14.825"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,9.413)"><path id="x2264" d="M531 71l-474 214v50l474 215v-56l-416 -184l416 -183v-56zM531 -40h-474v50h474v-50z" /></g>

        
    
</svg>15&#x2009;lbs, since the age of 20 (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:71px;" id="M5" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><path id="x36" d="M137 343l67 33q37 17 63 17q79 0 129.5 -53t50.5 -131q0 -92 -58 -156.5t-147 -64.5t-147 68t-58 182q0 63 17 119t43 95.5t61.5 72t69 52t67.5 31.5q62 22 128 33l6 -32q-56 -11 -108 -35q-149 -71 -184 -231zM227 337q-47 0 -95 -27q-6 -23 -6 -70q0 -93 36 -155.5&#xA;t96 -62.5q53 0 78 45.5t25 105.5q0 68 -35 116t-99 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g>

        
    
</svg>; 95&#x25; CI: 1.10&#x2013;2.58). Weight gain of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt;width:10.1px;" id="M6" height="8.9125004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"><use xlink:href="#x3E"/></g>

        
    
</svg>24&#x2009;lbs compared to weight gain of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.546pt;width:14.825px;" id="M7" height="10.15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.825 10.15" width="14.825"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,9.413)"><use xlink:href="#x2264"/></g>

        
    
</svg>9&#x2009;lbs, since the age of 30 also resulted in the same relationship (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:71px;" id="M8" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x36"/></g>

        
    
</svg>; 95&#x25; CI: 1.46&#x2013;3.06). Similarly, since the age of 40, weight gain of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt;width:10.1px;" id="M9" height="8.9125004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"><use xlink:href="#x3E"/></g>

        
    
</svg>12&#x2009;lbs compared to weight gain of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.546pt;width:14.825px;" id="M10" height="10.15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.825 10.15" width="14.825"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,9.413)"><use xlink:href="#x2264"/></g>

        
    
</svg>1 lb was associated with increased breast cancer risk (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:71px;" id="M11" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>

        
    
</svg>; 95&#x25; CI: 1.53&#x2013;2.66). Women who smoked <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt;width:10.1px;" id="M12" height="8.9125004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"><use xlink:href="#x3E"/></g>

        
    
</svg>9 pack-years of cigarettes had a 59&#x25; higher breast cancer risk (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M13" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g>

        
    
</svg>). Subjects who engaged in <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.04095pt;width:10.1px;" id="M14" height="8.9125004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.1 8.9125004" width="10.1"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.8)"><use xlink:href="#x3E"/></g>

        
    
</svg>24.8 metabolic-equivalent- (MET-) hours per week compared to <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.546pt;width:14.825px;" id="M15" height="10.15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.825 10.15" width="14.825"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,9.413)"><use xlink:href="#x2264"/></g>

        
    
</svg>10.7 MET-hours per week of moderate physical activity had a 52&#x25; (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M16" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>

        
    
</svg>) decreased risk and total physical activity between 16.2 and 33.2 MET-hours per week compared to <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.546pt;width:14.825px;" id="M17" height="10.15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.825 10.15" width="14.825"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,9.413)"><use xlink:href="#x2264"/></g>

        
    
</svg>16.2 MET-hours per week, resulted in a 43&#x25; (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M18" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

        
    
</svg>) lower risk of breast cancer. In conclusion, weight history did affect breast cancer risk. Moreover, smoking appeared to raise the risk, whereas moderate physical activity had a protective effect.

Vishnee Bissonauth

Bryna Shatenstein

Eve Fafard

Christine Maugard

André Robidoux

Steven Narod

Parviz Ghadirian

Weight History, Smoking, Physical Activity  and Breast Cancer Risk among French-Canadian Women Non-Carriers of More Frequent <i>BRCA1/2</i> Mutations

Lynch syndrome is mostly characterized by early-onset colorectal and endometrial adenocarcinomas. Over 90% of the causal mutations occur in two mismatch repair genes, <i>MSH2</i> and <i>MLH1</i>. The aim of this study was to evaluate the age-dependent cancer risk in <i>MSH2</i> or <i>MLH1</i> mutation carriers from data of DNA diagnostic laboratories. To avoid overestimation, evaluation was based on the age-dependent proportion of mutation carriers in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of identified mutation carriers. Data from 859 such eligible relatives were collected from 8 centers; 387 were found to have inherited the mutation from their relatives. Age-dependent risks were calculated either using a nonparametric approach for four discrete age groups or assuming a modified Weibull distribution for the dependence of risk on age. Cancer risk was estimated starting at 28 (25–32 0.68 confidence interval) and to reach near 0.70 at 70 years. The risks were very similar for <i>MSH2</i> and <i>MLH1</i> mutation carriers. Although not statistically significant, the risk in males appeared to precede that for females by ten years. This difference needs to be investigated on a larger dataset.
If confirmed, this would indicate that the onset of the colonoscopic surveillance may be different in male and female mutation carriers.

Sylviane Olschwang

Kai Yu

Christine Lasset

Stéphanie Baert-Desurmont

Marie-Pierre Buisine

Qing Wang

Pierre Hutter

Etienne Rouleau

Olivier Caron

Violaine Bourdon

Gilles Thomas

Age-Dependent Cancer Risk Is Not Different in between  <i>MSH2</i> and <i>MLH1</i> Mutation Carriers

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<p><em>Journal of Cancer Epidemiology</em> publishes studies related to population-based research on cancer etiology, prevention, surveillance, and survivorship and in the areas of descriptive, analytical, and molecular epidemiology etc.</p>


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Journal of Cancer Epidemiology - Table of contents 2009

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Journal of Cancer Epidemiology publishes studies related to population-based research on cancer etiology, prevention, surveillance, and survivorship and in the areas of descriptive, analytical, and molecular epidemiology etc.

Journal of Cancer Epidemiology