lncRNA-Triggered Macrophage Inflammaging Deteriorates Age-Related Diseases

Table 1

Change of lncRNA in different ARDs and their effects and responsible mechanism.

	lncRNA	Disease	Expression of lncRNA in macrophage	Effects	Mechanism	Model	Ref.
Gene	E330013P06	Diabetes mellitus	Increased	Upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, NOS2; downregulation of IL-10	E330013P06 regulate expression of nearby genes involved in macrophage function.	Human; Mice	[37]
Protein	Lethe	Diabetes mellitus	Decreased	Production of ROS	Lethe binds to p65 subunit and inhibits the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus.	Mice	[39]
Protein	Dnm3os	Diabetes mellitus	Increased	Enhancement of inflammation and phagocytosis. Upregulation of IL-6, TNF, NOS2.	Dnm3os promotes proinflammatory function by both cis- and tran-action, and possibly via changes in epigenetic histone modifications. This is modulated by nucleolin.	Human; Mice	[38]
Unknown	MALAT1	Diabetic atherosclerosis	Increased	Induction of pyroptosis	Unknown.	Rats	[40]
ceRNA	NIFK-AS1	Endometrial cancer	Decreased	NIFK-AS1 overexpression suppresses the IL-4-induced M2 polarization of macrophages and malignant behaviors of endometrial cancer.	NIFK-AS1 downregulates miR-146a.	Human	[46]
ceRNA	CCAT1	Prostate cancer	Increased in M1	CCAT1 knockdown promoted M2 macrophage polarization.	CCAT1 targets miR-148a which regulates the expression of PKCζ.	Human; Mice (in vitro)	[45]
Gene	TUC339	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Increased	TUC339 reduces IL-1β and TNF-α, decreases costimulatory molecule expression, and compromises phagocytosis.	Enriched TUC339 in PLC/PRF/5-derived exosomes is internalized by macrophage thus changes downstream pathways.	Human	[44]
Gene	NEAT1	Thyroid carcinoma	Increased	Knockdown of NEAT1 impairs the malignant progression of thyroid papillary carcinoma-1 and inhibits thyroid tumor growth in vivo.	NEAT1 decreases the expression of miR-214.	Human; Mice	[58]
Gene	LNMAT1	Bladder cancer	Increased	LNMAT1 promotes invasiveness and lymphatic metastasis, and activates and recruits macrophages into the tumor, inducing lymph angiogenesis.	LNMAT1 recruits hnRNPL to CCL2 promoter leading to increased H3K4 trimethylation and CCL2 expression.	Human; Mice	[43]
Unknown	Cox2	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Increased in M1	Change of Cox2 alters M1/M2 polarization, regulating immune evasion and metastasis of HCC.	Unknown.	Mice	[47]
ceRNA	MIAT	Atherosclerosis	Increased	Knockdown of MIAT attenuates atherosclerosis progression, promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability, and improves efferocytosis.	MIAT acts as ceRNA to positively regulate CD47 expression by sponging miR-149-5p.	Human; Mice	[52]
ceRNA	GSA5	Atherosclerosis	Increased	Upregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9.	GSA5 directly binds and suppresses miR-221 expression.	Human	[51]
ceRNA	HOTAIR	Atherosclerosis	Increased	HOTAIR greatly increases total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, dil-ox-LDL uptake rate, ROS, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Cox2 levels.	HOTAIR serves as a sponge of miR-330-5p.	Human	[50]
ceRNA	UCA1	Atherosclerosis	Increased	UCA1 increases ROS and cell apoptosis.	UCA1 sponges miR-206.	Human	[49]
Gene	H19	Atherosclerosis	Increased	H19 increases TG, TC LDL-C, IL-1β, TNF-α.	H19 upregulates the expression of miR-130b.	Human; Mice (in vitro)	[59]
Protein	MeXis	Atherosclerosis	Increased	Loss of MeXis impairs macrophage Abca1 expression and accelerates atherosclerosis.	MeXis interacts with and guides promoter binding of the transcriptional coactivator DDX17 to amplify gene Abca1.	Human; Mice	[54]
Protein	CDKN2B-AS1	Atherosclerosis	Decreased	CDKN2B-AS1 inhibits inflammatory response and promotes cholesterol efflux.	CDKN2B-AS1 binds to DNA methyltransferase 1 to enhance methylation of ADAM10 promoter which inhibits AMAM10.	Human; Mice	[53]
Unknown	ENST00000444488.1 and Uc010yfd.1	Coronary artery disease	Increased (ENST00000444488.1); decreased (Uc010yfd.1)	Silencing of ENST00000444488.1 and Uc010yfd.1 decreases or increases proinflammatory cytokines, respectively.	Unknown.	Human	[55]
Unknown	NEAT1	Myocardial infarction	Increased	Knockdown of NEAT1 disturbs monocyte-macrophage differentiation and its function.	Unknown.	Human; Mice	[60]
ceRNA	CHRF	Pulmonary fibrosis	Increased	CHRF promotes silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis and upregulates IL-1β, TGF-1β.	CHRF negatively regulates miR-489.	Human; Mice	[61]
ceRNA	KCNQ1OT1	Osteolysis	Decreased in M1	Overexpression of KCNQ1OT1 induces M2 polarization to ameliorate PMMA-induced osteolysis.	KCNQ1OT1 functions as a miR-21a-5p decoy which regulates IL-10 expression.	Mice	[62]
Gene	HIF1A-AS1	Liver failure	Increased	HIF1A-AS1 promotes TNF-α-induced apoptosis.	HIF1A-AS1 upregulates the expression of caspase.	Mice (in vitro)	[63]
Protein	NTT	Rheumatoid arthritis	Increased	Rheumatoid arthritis lead to overexpression of PBOV-1 in macrophage, resulting in cell cycle arrest.	NTT regulates downstream gene PBOV-1 via HnRNP-U binding and is regulated by C/EBPβ.	Human	[56]
Unknown	H19	Rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis	Increased	Unknown.	Unknown.	Human	[64]
Unknown	HOTAIR	Rheumatoid arthritis	Increased	HOTAIR induces the migration of active macrophage.	Unknown.	Human	[65]