A Protective Role of Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Pathogenic Bacteria-Induced Inflammatory Responses

Table 1

Cell-type/bacteria–stimuli-dependent regulatory effects of canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in anti-inflammation.

Regulation manners	Cell types	Stimulus (bacterium or bacterial PAMPs)	Suppression or induction of Inflammation		Reference
			Pro-inflammatory molecules	Anti-inflammatory molecules
↑Wnt3a addition	Murine macrophages	M. tuberculosis	TNF↓	—	[12]
↑Wnt3a addition	Murine macrophages	M. bovis BCG	TNFα↓ IL-6↓	—	[13]
↑Wnt3a addition	Murine alveolar macrophages	P. aeruginosa	IL-1β↓ TNFα↓ MIP-2↓	—	[14]
↑Wnt6 addition	Murine macrophages	M. tuberculosis	TNFα↓	Arg-1↑ MRC-1↑	[16]
↓Wnt6 knockdown	Murine macrophages	M. tuberculosis	TNFα↑	Arg-1↓ MRC-1↓	[16]
↓Wnt3a Inhibition	Human monocyte cells	LPS	IL-6↑ IL-12p40↑ TNFα↑	—	[3]
↑Wnt activation	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Heat-inactivated Rickettsia conorii	IL-6↓ IL-8↓ CXCL1↓	—	[18]
↓Wnt inhibition	Human cancer cell lines	LPS	IL-1β↑	—	[19]
↑Wnt2 overexpression	Mouse intestinal epithelial cells	Salmonella	IL-8↓	—	[20]
↑Wnt11 overexpression	Rat small intestinal epithelial cells	Salmonella	IL-8↓	—	[21]
↓Wnt1 knockdown	Human colonic epithelial cells	Salmonella	IL-6↑ IL-8↑ GM-CSF↑	—	[26]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Murine macrophages	M. avium	TNFα↓	—	[12]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Murine peritoneal macrophages	F. tularensis	TNFα↓ IL-6↓ IL-12p40↓	IL-10↑	[27]
↓GSK3β knockdown	Murine peritoneal macrophages	F. tularensis	TNFα↓	IL-10↑	[27]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Human monocytes	LPS	TNFα↓ IL-6↓ IL-12p40↓	IL-10↑	[28]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Hamster kidney cells	Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)	TNFα↓ IL-1β↓	—	[29]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Chicken embryonic fibroblast cells	Marek’s disease virus (MDV)	IL-1β↓	—	[30]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Monkey embryonic kidney epithelial cells	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSV)	TNFα↓ IL-1β↓ IL-6↓ IL-8↓	—	[31]
↓GSK3β knockdown	Murine microglia	LPS	—	IL-10↑	[32]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Mouse microglia	Heat-inactivated S. aureus	TNFα↓	IL-10↑	[33]
↓GSK3β inhibition and knockdown	Primary murine microglia	LPS	TNFα↓	—	[34]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Colonic epithelial cells	Salmonella typhimurium	IL-8↓	—	[35]
↓GSK3β inhibition and knockdown	Primary astrocytes	LPS	IL-6↓	—	[36]
↓GSK3β inhibition	Primary microglia	LPS	IL-6↓	—	[36]
↑GSK3β overexpression	Primary astrocytes	LPS	IL-6↑	—	[36]
↑β-catenin overexpression	Mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils	P. aeruginosa	IL-6↓ TNFα↓ MIP-2↓	—	[37]
↑β-catenin overexpression	Murine macrophages	P. aeruginosa	IL-1β↓ IL-6↓ TNFα↓ MIP-2↓	—	[37]
↑β-catenin overexpression	Human alveolar type II epithelial cells	M. bovis BCG or LPS	IL-1α↓ IL-2↓ IL-6↓ IL-8↓ TNFα↓	—	[40]
↓β-catenin knockdown	Murine macrophages	LPS	IL-6↑	—	[42]
↑β-catenin overexpression	Human intestinal epithelial cells	Salmonella	IL-8↓	—	[41]
↓β-catenin knockdown	human monocytes	LPS	IL-6↑ IL-12p40↑ TNFα↑	—	[3]
↓β-catenin inhibition	Chicken embryonic fibroblast cells	Marek’s disease virus (MDV)	IFNβ↑ IL-8↑	—	[30]
↓β-catenin knockdown	Mouse bone marrow-derived DCs	LPS	IL-6↑ IL-12p40↑ TNFα↑ CXCL-10↑	—	[44]
↓β-catenin inhibition	Porcine kidney cells and new-born pig trachea cells	Helicobacter pylori	IL-8↑ CCL4↑ CCL5↑	—	[43]

↑ means pro-inflammation; ↓ means anti-inflammation.