Effect of Body Weight on the Nutritional Content of Rice Field Eel, <i>Monopterus albus</i>

Xie, Quansen; Liu, Yiran

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9928273

Aquaculture Research

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 9928273 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9928273

Effect of Body Weight on the Nutritional Content of Rice Field Eel, Monopterus albus

Quansen Xie¹and Yiran Liu¹

Academic Editor: Zhitao Qi

Received10 Feb 2023

Revised04 May 2023

Accepted29 Sept 2023

Published25 Oct 2023

Abstract

The meat yield, nutrient composition, and quality of the skin and muscle of eels with different body weights, 124.10 ± 0.12, 253.42 ± 0.31, and 385.10 ± 0.44 g, was systematically studied, were determined to provide the basic data for the processing and efficient use of rice field eel, Monopterus albus. The results showed that muscle and skin accounted for a more significant proportion of eels with body weight of 253.42 ± 0.31 g, compared with other eels ( and ). As increasing offish mass, the collagen protein, essential amino acids, umami amino acids, and total amino acids in muscle and skin increased and then decreased. The eels with body weight of 253.42 ± 0.31 g had the highest contents of these compounds. In the skin and muscle of all test eels, the natrium, magnesium, and kalium were the main essential mineral elements. Similarly, with the increasing of body weight of eel, an increasing and then decreasing trend was observed for all essential mineral elements measured. Our results demonstrated that the nutrient composition of the skin and muscle of Monopterus albus could be significantly affected by body weight, and the eels with body weight of 253.42 ± 0.31 g had the most favorable nutrient composition.

1. Introduction

Demand for high-quality aquatic products increased every year by year, and the research on the factors that affected the fish quality draw attentions of fish nutritionist [1–3]. And, the aquaculture producers expect to improve aquatic products and derive more foods. It had been found that the nutrition quality of aquatic species varied with body weight, when the threonine level increased to 1.67%, Macrobrachium nipponense showed significant increases in final body weight, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and weight gain rate () [3–6]. Rice field eel is an important high-quality fish species in China [3, 5]. Current studies mainly focus on the culture technologies of eels [7], but few on the effects of body weight on the nutritional components of this species.

Rice field eel undergoes sex reversal, and fish with body weight ranging from 100 to 450 g are generally male or female [8]. The weight of eels is mainly affected by the industrial farming modes. With 1-year breading cycle, the weight of eels can reach to 100–250 g [9]. In the present study, three different eels with body weight of 124.10 ± 0.12, 253.42 ± 0.31, and 385.10 ± 0.44 g under the same breeding conditions were selected to avoid the influence of sex reversal on the nutritional composition. The muscle and skin were sampled and the nutritional components in the two tissues were measured. Our results are helpful in the developing of eels culture industry.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and Samples

Rice field eels were obtained from a eel farming company in Yongnian County, Hebei Province and fed with pellet diet with 41.80% crude protein, 9.50% crude ash, 12.00% crude fat, 18.50kJ/g of total energy, 1.75% phosphorus, 1.85% calcium, and 4.50% fiber (China) compound feed. Nutritional composition: During culture periods, the water qualities were checked every 7 days and controlled as 20–35 cm of water transparency, 23–31°C of the water temperature, 7.1–8.3 of the pH value, more than 4 mg/L of the dissolved oxygen content and less than 0.15 mg/L of the nitrite nitrogen content. Chemical reagents including sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, copper sulfate, potassium sulfate, petroleum ether, and hydrochloric acid, were obtained by the Handan Branch of Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., China.

There were 240 fish divided into three groups (Groups A, B, and C). according to their body weight. The body weight in Groups A, B, and C were 124.10 ± 0.12, 253.42 ± 0.31, and 385.10 ± 0.44 g. During each time of sampling, 20 fish were randomly selected from each group under anesthesia by MS222 and the dorsal skin and muscle of each fish were sampled and stored at −20°C until use.

2.2. Test Methods

2.2.1. Measurement of Morphological Indexes

The ratio between muscle and body weight, the ratio between the fish skin and body weight, fat fitness, and meat yield were measured [10, 11]. In brief, after removing the bones, head, and guts, the skin and muscle were separated to measure their weight and the meat percentage was calculated according to the previous study [12].

2.2.2. Basic Component Determination

The moisture content was determined using a direct drying method by METTLER ME104 Electronic Analytical Balance, purchased from Shanghai Yetuo Technology Co., Ltd. WHL-308 electric heating, constant temperature, radiation drying oven, purchased from Tianjin Tester Test Equipment Co., Ltd. [12]. A Soxhlet extraction method was used to determine the crude fat content by SH220CZF crude fat extractor, obtained from Shandong Haineng Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. [13], the crude protein content was determined using the Kjeldahl method by K9840 Automatic Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analyzer, obtained from Shandong Haineng Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. [14], and a high-temperature combustion method was used to determine the total ash content [15].

2.2.3. Amino Acid Analysis and Assessment of Nutritional Value

Ten eels were selected from each group, and the skin and muscle were minced and mixed. Accurately weight 100 mg of mixed sample and transfer it into a 20 mL hydrolysis tube. Add 10 mL of hydrochloric acid solution (6 mol/L) and perform hydrolysis at a constant-temperature oven (120°C) for 22 hr. Then, add 4.8 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (10 mol/L) to the hydrolysis flask, adjust the volume to 25 mL, and finally carry out filtration. About 1 mL of supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 11,100 times the force of gravity for 10 min. About 200μL of the supernatant was then subjected to chromatographic analysis using the Biochrom 30+ Amino Acid Automatic Analyzer, which was obtained from British Parkwood Technology Development Co., Ltd. The chromatographic conditions involved the use of a Biochrom 30+ Series amino acid analyzer with a C18 column (4.0 mm × 125 mm) at a column temperature of 40°C and a buffer flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Mobile Phase A was 20 mmol/L sodium acetate, mobile Phase B was 20 mmol/L sodium acetate : methanol : acetonitrile = 1 : 2 : 2 (volume ratio), and the UV detection wavelength was 338 nm [4, 10].

The amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were calculated using the following formulas [3, 10, 16–18]:where n represents the number of amino acids for comparison. t1, t2, …, tn denote the contents of various amino acids in the tested rice field eel protein, measured in mg/g N. Similarly, s1, s2, …, sn represent the contents of various amino acids in the egg protein, measured in mg/g N [10].

2.2.4. Collagen Content Analysis

The samples were prepared following the procedures outlined in Section 2.2.3. Subsequently, the hydroxyproline content of meat and meat-based products was quantified using the GB/T 9695.23-2008 standard protocol. The concentration of hydroxyproline in the hydrolyzed samples was calculated based on the hydroxyproline standard curve method [12, 16–18].

2.2.5. Determination of Mineral Elements in the Skin and Muscle of Fish

The samples were prepared following the procedure outlined in Section 2.2.3. The mineral elements arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were analyzed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer [15]; calcium, magnesium, iodine, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper were determined through the use of the flame atomic absorption method [17, 18].

2.3. Data Analysis

One-way analysis of variance was conducted utilizing Statistical 6.0 software. When significant differences were detected, Duncan’s multiple comparison test was used to compare the distinctions between groups. The level of significance was set at , and all data are presented as means ± standard deviations [1, 18].

3. Results

3.1. Morphological Parameters of Rice Field Eels

As shown in Table 1, the muscle to body weight ratio and the skin to body weight ratio of eels in Group A were the lowest among the three groups. And, the fertility and meat yield in Group B were highest with values of 3.13% and 69.91%, respectively. The meat yield and fertility in Group A were lower than these of Groups B and C ( and ).

3.2. The Nutrient Composition of Rice Field Eels

As shown in Table 2, no obvious changes were observed for the moisture content in the three groups ( and ). Protein, fat, and ash contents in muscle and skin of eels in Group A were significantly lower than these in Groups B and C (, ). The collagen contents in the muscle and skin of eels in group B were 15.44 and 81.19 mg/g, respectively, which were the highest among three groups.

3.3. Amino Acid Content in the Muscle and Skin of Rice Field Eels

As shown in Table 3, the contents of essential amino acids (EAAs), the umami amino acids (DAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) in the muscle and skin of eels in Groups B and C were significantly higher than these of Group A ( and ). No significantly difference observed for the amino acid contents of eels in Groups B and C. The ratio between DAA and TAA, and the ratio between EAA/TAA in all three groups were over 0.40.

The AAS and CS were shown in Table 4. The AAS and CS of isoleucine and leucine in the muscle and skin of eels in Groups B and C were higher than A. The AAS and CS of methionine and cysteine, two limiting amino acids (LAAs) of Group C were higher than that of Groups A and B. The AAS of lysine in skin of eels in Groups B and C was higher than that of A. There was no significant difference for the AAS and CS of threonine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in these tissues of the eels in any of the three groups. The EAAs values of eels in all three group reached over 95%.

3.4. Mineral Element Composition of Rice Field Eels

As shown in Table 5, the content of natrium, magnesium, kalium, and calcium in the muscle and skin of eels in Groups B and C were higher than that of A. For manganese, titanium, and zinc in eels of all three groups, no significant differences were observed. And, the mineral compositions in Groups B and C were similar.

4. Discussion

The rice field eels have high nutritional and medicinal values. It had been confirmed that eating eels over a long period can reduce the stomach problems, lower back pain, and hair loss [18–21]. We found that the fertility and meat yield in Group A were significantly lower these in the other two groups, providing valuable reference for actual production of eels. Choosing the eels with higher body weight might contribute to breeding efficiency.

The moisture, ash, crude fat, and crude protein are the main nutrient indicators of aquatic animals [5, 22]. Our results found that these indicators, except of moisture, in Group A were significantly lower than these in the other two groups. The protein contents in the muscle of group B and group C were 22.53% and 23.87%, respectively, and these in skin of them were 21.31% and 22.22%, which were higher than that of cold-water freshwater sturgeon and other warm-water freshwater fish [23, 24]. The reasons for the differences of protein content might be caused by the varied nutritional conditions, growth environment of different fish species. To some extent, fat content may affect the meat quality and taste. The fat content in muscle of the three-sized rice field eel was 12%–15%, which was significantly higher than that of freshwater fish, such as crucian carp, tilapia, and grass carp [24] but on difference with that of hybrid sturgeon [25]. This might the main reason that rice field eel has delicate taste. The collagen content of eels with medium-body weight eels was 15.44 and 83.19 mg/g, and that in muscle and skin of eels with high-body weight was 14.81 and 76.33 mg/g, respectively. Our results were in line with the results of previous studies [10, 23, 26]. The difference of collagen in muscle and skin might be related to collagen play the different functions in different tissues. Interestingly, high-collagen content present in the skin of eels provide a clue for potential developing collagen-related products, such as fish collagen, gelatin, or collagen peptides.

The composition and content of amino acids determine the freshness of the flesh, which is primarily expressed in three flavors: freshness, sweetness, and bitterness. Due to different amino acid contents, aquatic products present different tastes [10, 23, 27]. As shown in Table 3, the EAAs of Groups B and C were higher than these of Group A, significantly. Among these EAAs in muscle, the lysine had highest content and the methionine had lowest content. Lysine plays an important role in essential amino acid nutrients and participates in human metabolism [28]. high-lysine content can regulate the ratio of EAAs improve and intake the protein utilization [26, 29]. Our results demonstrated the eels could provide stable lysine and other nutrition for human diets. Similarly, the DAAs and TAAs of Groups B and C were also significantly higher than these of Group A.

Further, the DAA/TAA ratio of eels in all three groups were lower than cold-water fish, such as sturgeon [17, 23, 25], but higher than marine fish, such as puffer fish [30] and salmon [31]. It had been found that the protein with EAA/TAA ratio over 0.4 could be rated as high-quality protein [10, 21, 22, 32–34]. We found that the EAA/TAA ratio in the muscle and skin of eels of all three groups were higher than 0.4, indicating the protein produced by eels reached the highest quality protein standard.

Further, AAS and CS analysis also confirmed that eels could provide high-quality protein. First, the AAS was over 0.80 and the CS was over 0.52 in all groups. Second, two LAAs, methionine and cysteine, had high content in muscle and skin of eels with high-body weight (Group C), which was consistent with that of sturgeon [23], salmon [31], and grass carp [11]. Third, the EAAs values of eels among all the three groups reached over 95%. The EAAs value is an important indicator for evaluating the nutritional value of protein and its value over 95% indicates a highest quality protein source [10, 35].

Mineral elements are important for the fish metabolism, growth and development, diseases prevention and flavor [4, 36]. We found that the Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ of eels in two groups (Group B and C) were higher than these of Group A (Table 5). The Mg activates a variety of enzymes in organisms. For example, important for bone growth and development are alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase, but require Mg²⁺ [37, 38]. It had been found that the mineral contents varied in different fish growth stage. For example, the contents of Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Mn²⁺ in the muscles of 1-year-old salmon were higher than these of other stages [11]. We found that the contents of Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Mn²⁺ in muscle and skin of eels in all three groups had no significantly changes, indicating that the requirement of these minerals might varied in the different fish species. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the body weight could affect the nutritional contents of rice field eel, M. albus. Importantly, we found that the effects of medium-body weight (253.42 ± 0.31 g) and high-body weight (385.10 ± 0.44 g) on these nutritional parameters had no significance. Thus, we recommend using eels with medium-body weight (253.42 ± 0.31 g) for further breeding application, considering cost saving.

Data Availability

The data supporting this study are from previously reported studies and datasets, which have been cited. The processed data are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank Yingcheng Studio (https://yingchengtuwen.com) for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript. In addition, I would particularly like to acknowledge my student, Kang Yang, for daily breeding management of rice field eels.

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Copyright © 2023 Quansen Xie and Yiran Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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