Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitude, and Predictors of Waterpipe Smoking among School Adolescents in Saudi Arabia

Table 3

Knowledge regarding the health effects of waterpipe (Shisha) smoking among included participants in relation to their current smoking status.

Knowledge items	Correct response (no., %)			Chi-squared ( value)
	Waterpipe smoking
	Yes	No	Total
Shisha smoking is less harmful compared to cigarettes (false)	45 (7.2)	201 (32.2)	246 (39.4)	47.796 (0.001)
Shisha is purified of harmful substances after passing through a water filter (false)	33 (5.3)	89 (14.4)	122 (19.7)	66.303 (0.001)
Shisha contains a harmless amount of nicotine and tar (false)	36 (5.8)	151 (24.4)	187 (30.2)	187 (30.2)
Shisha smoking does not irritate the bronchi as it contains natural flavours (false)	45 (7.3)	185 (29.9)	230 (37.2)	64.328 (0.001)
Shisha smoking is easier to quit and is not addictive (false)	47 (7.6)	207 (33.4)	254 (41.0)	107.456 (0.001)
Shisha smoking does not cause lung cancer as opposed to cigarettes (false)	53 (8.5)	200 (32.2)	253 (40.7)	39.819 (0.001)
Shisha smoking causes damage to the respiratory system (true)	71 (11.5)	225 (36.3)	296 (47.7)	38.481 (0.001)
Shisha smoking may transmit hepatitis infection (true)	56 (9.0)	146 (23.6)	202 (32.6)	58.907 (0.001)
Shisha smoking increases the risk of pharyngeal cancer (true)	55 (8.9)	163 (26.2)	218 (35.1)	53.599 (0.001)
Helicobacter infections that cause gastric ulcers could be transmitted through shisha smoking (true)	49 (7.9)	116 (18.7)	165 (26.7)	45.855 (0.001)
Shisha smoking does not cause cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, compared to other forms of smoking (false)	37 (6.0)	133 (21.5)	170 (27.5)	49.285 (0.001)
Shisha smoking may transmit tuberculosis and leprosy (true)	46 (7.5)	104 (16.9)	150 (24.3)	43.512 (0.001)