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Study | Country | Study period | Analytic method | Disease etiology | Study design | Quality score | Major etiology | Definition of meningitis |
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[40] | China | 2014-2015 | Multivariate and univariate logistic | Multiple | Retrospective | 13 | General | Meningitis was defined by: (1) organisms cultured from CSF; (2) at least one of these signs without identified cause: Fever (>38°C), headache, stiff neck, meningeal signs, irritability, and if analysis was conducted antemortem, attending physician instituted appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and at least one of the following: (a) Elevated white blood cell count, a rise in protein level in the CSF, and/or attenuated glucose level in CSF, (b) positive antigen test of CSF or blood; and (c) investigative single antibody titer (IgM) or an increase in paired sera (IgG) for pathogen by four-fold |
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[28] | Taiwan | 2002–2010 | Conditional logistic regression | C. neoformans meningitis, C. neoformans fungemia | Retrospective cas-control | 12 | Fungal | Cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]or blood culture positive culture n |
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[29] | USA | 1996–2000 | Logistic regression | Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Serratia species, Haemophilus influenzae | Retrospective | 13 | Bacteria | Meningitis was defined through gram stain, CSF culture or both, CSF leukocytosis with elevated protein concentration and reduced glucose level or both. Fever or nuchal rigidity with unknown cause or patients under antibiotic treatment prescribed by a physician. |
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[41] | Taiwan | 2000–2010 | Logistic regression | Cryptococcal meningitis | Prospective case-control | 11 | Fungal | Definition of meningitis: Cryptococcosis (ICD-9 117.5) or cryptococcal meningitis (ICD-9 321.0) |
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[42] | France | 2012–2017 | Logistic regression | Invasive meningococcal disease | Case-control | 9 | Bacteria | Meningitis was defined according to ICD-10 diagnostic code (A39.0 to A39.9) criteria |
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[4] | Spain | 1977–2013 | Simple linear regressions | Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes | Observational cohort study | 11 | Bacteria | Meningitis was defined through the following means: a Positive CSF culture, the occurrence of negative cultures when Gram negative diplococci was found from the CSF stain or when patients showed incidence of severe bacterial meningitis which is medically confirmed |
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[43] | Denmark | 1977–2018 | Logistic regression | Meningococcal serogroups B&C | Case-control | 13 | Bacteria | Positive CSF culture, positive antigen tests, on Gram’s stain of CSF |
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[44] | Taiwan | 2012–2016 | Logistic regression | Coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Viridans group, streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus luteus, Gemella morbillorum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae, Cryptococcus neoformans | Retrospective observational | 12 | Bacteria | Positive organism CSF culture, and at least one of the following signs or symptoms where no other recognized cause was observed: Fever (>38°C), headache, stiff neck, meningeal signs, cranial nerve signs, or irritability |
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[31] | Spain | 1982–2017 | Logistic regression | Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative bacilli | Prospective observational cohort study | 12 | Bacteria | Meningitis was defined as a diagnostic outcome of positive CSF culture and positive antigen tests. Any negative culture was further confirmed through CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis (=>100 neutrophils/cu mm or decreased CSF glucose (defined as CSF/blood glucose ratio <0.40) or elevated CSF proteins >0.5 g/l (for unknown etiology) |
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[30] | China | Jan-December 2008 | Logistic regression | Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus sp, Streptococcus intermedius and Klebsiella pneumonia | Retrospective cohort study | 11 | Bacteria | Patients had meningitis if they had one of these unknown indications: (Fever >38°c), meningeal signs, elevated white cell count, increased protein, or reduced glucose in the CSF. Organism identified on Gram’s stain of CSF, antigen test, positive blood culture, a prognosis of one antibody titer (IgM) or an elevation in paired sera (IgG) for pathogen by four-fold |
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[27] | Netherlands | 2006–2014 | Logistic regression | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes | Prospective cohort | 12 | Bacteria | Bacterial meningitis was defined as having a positive cerebrospinal fluid culture, or a mix of positive blood culture without a significant pathogen, or a positive PCR result for streptococcus pneumoniae or neisseria meningitis with at least one cerebrospinal fluid finding predictive bacterial meningitis of a CSF of leukocyte counts >2000 cells/mm3, polymorphonuclear leukocyte count >1180 cells/mm3, glucose level <1.9 mmol/L, protein level >2 g/L, or CSF/blood glucose ratio <0.23 |
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[45] | UK | 2007–2017 | Multivariate cox models | Neisseria meningitidis | Retrospective observational cohort study | 13 | Bacteria | Not reported |
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[46] | USA | 1992–1994 | Conditional logistic regression | Cryptococcus neoformans | Prospective study | 8 | Fungal | Positive culture for C. neoformans for any body part; detection of cryptococcal antigen in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine; or histopathologic findings consistent with cryptococcosis |
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[47] | Canada | 1999-2000 | Logistic regression | Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium butyricum, Candida albicans | A population-basedactive-surveillance cohort design | 10 | Fungal | CSF and blood culture, pleural or synovial fluid, or aseptically obtained deep-tissue aspirates or surgical-tissue samples |
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[48] | Greece | 2006–2008 | Multivariate logistic regression, mantel-haenszel test | Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloaceae, Proteus mirabilis | Prospective study design | 12 | Bacteria | CSF culture, signs of: fever, headache, stiff neck, meningeal and cranial nerves signs or irritability (if diagnosis was made antemortem) antimicrobial therapy, increased WBC counts, increased protein level or increased level of glucose in the CSF, organisms seen on Gram stain of CSF; organisms cultured from blood; positive antigen test of CSF, blood, or urine; diagnostic single antibody titer (IgM) or 4-fold increase in paired sera (IgG) for pathogen |
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[49] | Canada | 1997–2001 | Logistic regression | Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus neoformans | Case-control study | 12 | Fungal | CSF and/or blood culture and classification of diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9), code 117.5 (cryptococcosis) |
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