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| S. no. | Author, country | Title | Study duration in days | Intervention group | Control group | Concomitant intervention | Outcome measures | Outcome measures applicable to this review |
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| 1 | Klopfenstein et al., France | Impact of tocilizumab on mortality and/or invasive mechanical ventilation requirement in a cohort of 206 COVID-19 patients | 72 | Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg per dose, 1 or 2 doses | (i) Standard treatment
(ii) Hydroxychloroquine
(iii) Lopinavir-ritonavir therapy
(iv) Antibiotics
(v) Corticosteroids | (i) Hydroxychloroquine
(ii) Lopinavir-ritonavir therapy
(iii) Antibiotics
(iv) Corticosteroids | (i) Mortality
(ii) Intensive mechanical ventilation
(iii) Duration to hospitalization | (i) Mortality
(ii) Intensive mechanical ventilation
(iii) Duration to hospitalization |
| 2 | Klopfenstein et al., France | Tocilizumab therapy reduced intensive care unit admissions and/or mortality in COVID-19 patients | 24 | Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg per dose, 1 or 2 doses | (i) Standard treatment
(ii) Hydroxychloroquine
(iii) Lopinavir-ritonavir therapy
(iv) Antibiotics
(v) Corticosteroids | (i) Hydroxychloroquine
(ii) Lopinavir-ritonavir therapy
(iii) Antibiotics
(iv) Corticosteroids | (i) Death
(ii) ICU admission
(iii) Invasive mechanical ventilation
(iv) Duration of hospitalization | (i) Death
(ii) ICU admission
(iii) Invasive mechanical ventilation
(iv) Duration of hospitalization |
| 3 | Sean et al., the United States | Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study | 16 | Convalescent plasma therapy | — | (i) Azithromycin
(ii) Hydroxychloroquine
(iii) Broad-spectrum antibiotics
(iv) Therapeutic dose anticoagulation
(v) Corticosteroids
(vi) Remdesivir
(vii) Mesenchymal stem cells and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 inhibitors | (i) Survival
(ii) Oxygen requirement | (i) Survival
(ii) Oxygen requirement |
| 4 | Abolghasemi et al., Iran | Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study | 61 | Convalescent plasma 500 cc (one unit) | No convalescent plasma | (i) Lopinavir/ritonavir
(ii) Hydroxychloroquine | (i) Mortality
(ii) Intubation
(iii) Length of stay
(iv) Improvements in clinical symptoms
(v) Adverse events from treatment | (i) Mortality
(ii) Intubation
(iii) Length of stay
(iv) Improvements in clinical symptoms
(iv) Adverse events from treatment |
| 5 | Rossotti et al., Italy | Safety and efficacy of anti-IL-6 receptor tocilizumab use in severe and critical patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019: A comparative analysis | — | Tocilizumab | (i) Hydroxychloroquine plus lopinavir/ritonavir
(ii) Remdesivir | — | (i) Survival
(ii) Length of stay | (i) Survival
(ii) Length of stay |
| 6 | Matthieu et al., France | Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data | 43 | Hydroxychloroquine | No hydroxychloroquine | (i) Azithromycin
(ii) Amoxicillin
(iii) Tocilizumab
(iv) Lopinavir-ritonavir
(v) Remdesivir | (i) Survival
(ii) Weaning from oxygen | (i) Survival
(ii) Weaning from oxygen |
| 7 | Perrone et al., Italy | Tocilizumab for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: The single-arm TOCIVID-19 prospective trial | 34 | Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg up to a maximum of 800 mg per dose | — | (i) Antiretroviral
(ii) Hydroxy chloroquine
(iii) Antibiotics
(iv) Steroids
(v) Low-molecular-weight heparin | Lethality rate | Lethality rate |
| 8 | G. Rojas-Marte et al., the United States | Outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab: a case-controlled study | 49 | Tocilizumab | (i) Hydroxychloroquine
(ii) Azithromycin
(iii) Corticosteroids
(iv) Anticoagulation
(v) Remdesivir
(vi) Antibiotics
(vii) Vasopressors | (i) Hydroxychloroquine
(ii) Azithromycin
(iii) Corticosteroids
(iv) Anticoagulation
(v) Remdesivir
(vi) Antibiotics
(vii) Vasopressors | (i) Overall mortality rate
(ii) Mortality in nonintubated patients only
(iii) Mortality in intubated patients
(iv) Length of stay | (i) Overall mortality rate.
(ii) Mortality in nonintubated patients only
(iii) Mortality in intubated patients
(iv) Length of stay |
| 9 | Scarsi et al., Italy | Association between treatment with colchicine and improved survival in a single-center cohort of adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome | 32 | (i) Colchicine 1 mg/day
(ii) Standard of care (hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and intravenous dexamethasone) | Standard of care (hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and intravenous dexamethasone) | — | Survival rate | Survival rate |
| 10 | Keller et al., The Bronx | Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on mortality or mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 | 34 | Early glucocorticoid first 48 hours | No glucocorticoid | — | (i) In-hospital mortality
(ii) In-hospital mechanical ventilation.
(iii) Mortality in mechanical ventilation | (i) In-hospital mortality
(ii) In-hospital mechanical ventilation.
(iii) Mortality in mechanical ventilation |
| 11 | Yu et al., China | Lopinavir/ritonavir is associated with pneumonia resolution in COVID-19 patients with influenza coinfection: A retrospective matched-pair cohort study | 30 | Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment | No lopinavir/ritonavir treatment | (i) Glucocorticoid treatment
(ii) Ribavirin treatment
(iii) Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment
(iv) Oseltamivir
(v) Arbidol | (i) Dead or deteriorated
(ii) Cured | (i) Dead or deteriorated
(i) Cured |
| 12 | Qu et al., not mentioned | Comparative effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens in COVID-19 | — | (i) Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) alone
(ii) Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + Novaferon
(iii) Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + interferon
(iv) Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + interferon + Novaferon
(v) Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) + interferon + Arbidol (LPV/r: PO 500 mg (400 mg lopinavir + 100 mg ritonavir) BID; Novaferon: aerosol 20 microgram BID; Arbidol: PO 0.2 g TID; interferon: aerosol 500 × 104 IU·BID) | — | — | (i) Time of negative nucleic acid conversion.
(ii) Length of hospitalization
(iii) The rate of adverse reaction
(iv) Transferring to ICU and clinical mechanical therapy | (i) Time of negative nucleic acid conversion.
(ii) Length of hospitalization.
(iii) The rate of adverse reaction
(iii) Transferring to ICU and clinical mechanical therapy |
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