COVID-19 Information on YouTube: Analysis of Quality and Reliability of Videos in Eleven Widely Spoken Languages across Africa

Table 4

MICI score by language, content, and source.

MICI item	Prevalence		Transmission		Clinical symptoms		Screening testing		Treatment/outcomes		Total
	Videos with information no (%)	MICI score mean ± SD	Videos with information no (%)	MICI score mean ± SD	Videos with information no (%)	MICI score mean ± SD	Videos with information no (%)	MICI score mean ± SD	Videos with information no (%)	MICI score mean ± SD	MICI score mean ± SD
Overall	249 (44.3)	0.98 ± 1.5	477 (84.9)	2.13 ± 1.4	352 (62.6)	1.52 ± 1.54	163 (29.0)	0.45 ± 0.84	246 (43.8)	0.68 ± 0.96	5.75 ± 4.35
Languages
	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
English (n = 75)	32 (42.7)	0.89 ± 1.24	51 (68)	1.71 ± 1.62	38 (50.7)	1.56 ± 1.9	24 (32)	0.64 ± 1.22	42 (56)	0.97 ± 1.09	5.77 ± 4.5
isiZulu (n = 54)	20 (37)	0.44 ± 0.72	43 (79.6)	2.37 ± 1.57	29 (53.7)	1.76 ± 2.04	10 (18.5)	0.31 ± 0.8	15 (27.8)	0.67 ± 1.26	5.56 ± 4.52
isiXhosa (n = 49)	14 (28.6)	0.33 ± 0.55	45 (91.8)	2 ± 1.29	31 (63.3)	1.45 ± 1.39	10 (20.4)	0.37 ± 0.83	6 (12.2)	0.22 ± 0.74	4.37 ± 3.2
Afrikaans (n = 50)	10 (20)	0.22 ± 0.46	45 (90)	2.36 ± 1.06	30 (60)	1.18 ± 1.26	9 (18)	0.38 ± 0.95	20 (40)	0.56 ± 0.79	4.7 ± 2.37
Nigerian pidgin (n = 53)	14 (26.4)	0.36 ± 0.68	42 (79.2)	1.66 ± 1.27	30 (56.6)	1 ± 1.02	4 (7.5)	0.09 ± 0.35	14 (26.4)	0.32 ± 0.58	3.43 ± 2.56
Hausa (n = 40)	40 (100)	2.17 ± 0.81	40 (100)	2.62 ± 0.77	40 (100)	2.85 ± 0.83	40 (100)	1.6 ± 0.5	40 (100)	1.43 ± 0.5	10.68 ± 1.58
Twi (n = 45)	8 (17.8)	0.18 ± 0.39	42 (93.3)	2.11 ± 1.13	18 (40)	1.11 ± 1.53	1 (2.2)	0.02 ± 0.15	4 (8.9)	0.16 ± 0.52	3.58 ± 2.86
Arabic (n = 50)	20 (40)	0.56 ± 0.91	34 (68)	1.5 ± 1.37	32 (64)	1.48 ± 1.5	7 (14)	0.18 ± 0.48	23 (46)	0.56 ± 0.73	4.28 ± 2.96
French (n = 46)	19 (41.3)	0.54 ± 0.78	40 (87)	1.78 ± 1.25	25 (54.3)	1.2 ± 1.24	5 (10.9)	0.28 ± 0.86	17 (37)	0.78 ± 1.19	4.59 ± 3.54
Swahili (n = 50)	22 (44)	0.6 ± 0.81	45 (90)	1.48 ± 0.95	29 (58)	1.36 ± 1.4	3 (6)	0.12 ± 0.52	15 (30)	0.38 ± 0.64	3.94 ± 2.92
Amharic (n = 50)	50 (100)	4.68 ± 1.1	50 (100)	4.06 ± 0.24	50 (100)	1.96 ± 1.44	50 (100)	1.04 ± 0.28	50 (100)	1.36 ± 1.05	13.1 ± 2.95
Content
	<0.001	0.02	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	0.06	0.98	0.98	0.88	0.55
Informative (n = 471)	208 (44.2)	1.02 ± 1.58	424 (90)	2.33 ± 1.35	309 (65.6)	1.59 ± 1.54	136 (28.9)	0.45 ± 0.85	208 (44.2)	0.7 ± 1	6.1 ± 4.42
Misleading (n = 12)	5 (41.7)	0.5 ± 0.67	10 (83.3)	1.83 ± 1.27	5 (41.7)	1 ± 1.35	3 (25)	0.5 ± 0.9	5 (41.7)	0.67 ± 0.89	4.5 ± 4.42
News update (n = 59)	35 (59.3)	1.02 ± 1.04	34 (57.6)	1.05 ± 1.21	31 (52.5)	1.22 ± 1.46	18 (30.5)	0.42 ± 0.72	26 (44.1)	0.53 ± 0.68	4.24 ± 3.3
Personal experience (n = 20)	1 (5)	0.05 ± 0.22	9 (45)	0.6 ± 0.75	7 (35)	0.95 ± 1.64	6 (30)	0.5 ± 0.95	7 (35)	0.55 ± 0.89	2.65 ± 3.36
Source
	0.06	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.63	0.04	0.04	0.06	0.33	0.08
Independent users (n = 246)	104 (42.3)	0.96 ± 1.56	215 (87.4)	2.26 ± 1.38	156 (63.4)	1.6 ± 1.62	61 (24.8)	0.35 ± 0.72	97 (39.4)	0.65 ± 1.03	5.81 ± 4.68
Government (n = 84)	38 (45.2)	1.51 ± 2.08	78 (92.9)	2.51 ± 1.43	53 (63.1)	1.15 ± 1.17	36 (42.9)	0.57 ± 0.84	38 (45.2)	0.55 ± 0.68	6.3 ± 4.59
News agency (n = 118)	65 (55.1)	1.04 ± 1.18	81 (68.6)	1.44 ± 1.28	67 (56.8)	1.36 ± 1.46	35 (29.7)	0.45 ± 0.77	59 (50)	0.64 ± 0.75	4.94 ± 3.96
Academic institutions/hospitals (n = 93)	33 (35.5)	0.54 ± 0.89	84 (90.3)	2.19 ± 1.34	62 (66.7)	1.82 ± 1.71	26 (28)	0.61 ± 1.16	44 (47.3)	0.92 ± 1.2	6.09 ± 3.84
Medical adverts/for profit companies (n = 21)	9 (42.9)	0.62 ± 1.12	19 (90.5)	2.52 ± 1.33	14 (66.7)	1.62 ± 1.4	5 (23.8)	0.43 ± 0.87	8 (38.1)	0.62 ± 0.92	5.81 ± 3.25