Developing Clinical Phenotype Data Collection Standards for Research in Africa

Table 1

Overview of structure of data collection toolkits developed by H3Africa.

Toolkit	Protocols
Core phenotypes	Demographics^+	Smoking exposure^±	Drug use^#	Dyslipidemia^#	CVD^∗ Core^#
	Anthropometrics^+	Smoking status^#	Medication log^+	Cancer core^+	HIV core^#
	Blood pressure^#	Alcohol exposure^−	Diabetes history^+	Kidney disease core^#	Infectious disease core^+
	Urine results^#	Alcohol use^#	Asthma^−	Stroke history core^#
Environmental factors	Household characteristics^+	Sanitation^+	Occupational exposures^#	Personal care products^#
	Water resource^+	Occupational history^#	Air contaminants^#
Lifestyle factors	Physical activity^#	Dietary supplements^#	Diet^+	Caffeine intake^#	Sleep habits^#
General medical history	Vaccinations^#	Current pregnancy status^±	Last pregnancy outcome^±
	Allergies^+	Pregnancy history^±	Medical history^±
Family history	Family composition^±	Family history^±	Family history of traumatic life events^±
Cardiovascular disease	Angina^#	Congestive heart failure^#	Cardiac blood flow measurements^±
	Heart attack^#	Thyroid disease^#	Cardiovascular disease blood biomarkers^±
Stroke	Stroke characterisation^±	Prestroke risk reduction strategies^±	Poststroke risk reduction strategies^±
Cancer	Cancer prognosis and treatment^+	Cancer screenings^#	Cancer family history^±
Kidney disease	Kidney treatment status^#	Kidney function assay^#	Complete blood cell count
Rare and developmental disorders	Biological parents and grandparents^±	Developmental milestones^±	Developmental disorders^±	Rare disorders^±
	Birth history^±	Neurodevelopmental assessment^±	Epilepsy screener^#
Infectious diseases	Malaria exposure and treatment^±	Trypanosomiasis signs and symptoms^+	TB signs and symptoms^±	HIV treatment^±	Liver function assay^#
	Malaria testing^#	TB history^+	Sexual behaviour^#	CD4 count and percentage^#	HIV signs and symptoms^+
	Malaria signs and symptoms^+	TB testing^#	HIV exposure^±	Quantitative viral load^#	STDs^±
	Trypanosomiasis testing^#	Current TB^+	HIV detection test^#	Complete blood cell count^#	STD signs and symptoms^+

CVD: cardiovascular disease; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; TB: tuberculosis; STD: sexually transmitted disease; ⁺adapted protocols; ^±novel protocols; ^#existing protocols.