Dietary Knowledge and Eating Habits among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Lebanon

Table 5

Multiple linear regression for the factors associated with eating habit index (n = 351).

	Eating habit index
	Unstandardized β^†	Standardized β	Lower 95% CI of β	Upper 95% CI of β	value
Occupation
Nonworker/housewife	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Healthcare worker	−1.9	−0.1	−4.1	0.3	0.092
Non-healthcare worker	−5.0	−0.01	−10.9	0.8	0.092
Retired	−5.1	−0.1	−9.1	−1.2	0.010
Family income
In debt	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Just meet routine expenses	0.1	0.1	−2.4	2.7	0.916
Meet routine expenses and emergencies	−4.1	−0.2	−7.4	−0.8	0.015
Able to save/invest money	3.5	0.1	−2.2	9.3	0.228
Physical activity
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	−3.2	−0.1	−6.0	−0.5	0.020
Alcohol consumption
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	6.5	0.3	3.9	9.1	<0.001
Family history of diabetes
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	−3.8	−0.1	−6.1	−1.5	0.001
Help in medication administration
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	−1.9	−0.1	−3.8	−0.1	0.049
Responsible for diabetes care
Physician	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Patient himself or family/friend	4.9	0.2	2.1	7.9	0.001
Checking nutritional composition of foods
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	3.1	0.1	1.1	5.1	0.004
DK score	−0.6	−0.2	−1.1	−0.3	<0.001

^† β, regression coefficient. value <0.05: there is a linear relationship between independent variable and DK index adjusting for the effects of other variables. The analysis included age, gender, nationality, residence (Beirut/outside Beirut), education level, occupation, family income, BMI, presence of other chronic diseases, presence of diabetes complications, family history of diabetes, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, HbA1c testing, responsible for diabetes care (patient himself or family member/physician), help in medication administration, checking nutritional composition of foods, social media, physician, and dietitian as sources of dietary information, and DK score. Being physically active refers to engaging in more than one hour of physical activity per week.  = 41.7%: 41.7% of the EH index is predicted by independent variables. The bold values in the table indicate p values that are less than 0.05, signifying statistical significance.