Prevalence of Malocclusions and Associated Factors inBrazilian Children and Adolescents with CerebralPalsy: A Multi-Institutional Study

Table 5

Distribution of children and adolescents with CP models in Poisson bivariate and multivariate regression models for the presence of severe malocclusion (DAI > 30) and independent variables.

Variable	Malocclusion		Bivariate		Multivariate
	Moderate, n (%)	Severe, n (%)	Not adjusted RP		Adjusted RP
			value	(CI 95%)	value	(CI 95%)
Level 1: socioeconomic characteristics
Gender
Male	3 (15.0)	17 (85.0)	0.422	0.91 (0.72–1.14)	—	—
Female	1 (6.7)	14 (93.3)		1.00	—	—
Age
11 to 12 years	0 (0.0)	7 (100.0)	0.046	1.16 (1.00–1.35)	—	—
13 to 18 years	4 (14.3)	24 (85.7)		1.00	—	—
Caregiver’s educational level
≤8 years	4 (30.8)	9 (69.2)	0.047	0.69 (0.48–0.99)	—	—
>8 years	0 (0.0)	22 (100.0)		1.00	—	—
Family income (minimum wage = $ 266.70)
≤1 minimum wage	3 (27.3)	8 (72.7)	0.145	0.75 (0.52–1.10)	—	—
>1 minimum wage	1 (4.2)	23 (95.8)		1.00	—	—
Level 2: systemic characteristics
CP location
Tetraparesis	0 (0.0)	12 (100.0)	0.085	1.50 (0.94–2.38)	—	—
Diparetic	1 (8.3)	11 (91.7)	0.205	1.37 (0.84–2.35)	—	—
Hemiparesis	3 (33.3)	6 (66.7)		1.00	—	—
Communication capability
Normal	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)	0.312	0.77 (0.48–1.26)	—	-
Mild deficiency	0 (0.0)	4 (100.0)	0.157	1.09 (0.96–1.23)	—	—
Moderate deficiency	2 (8.3)	22 (91.7)		1.00	—	—
Type of breathing
Nasal	3 (27.3)	8 (72.7)	0.085	0.72 (0.50–1.04)	—	—
Mouth	0 (0.0)	22 (100.0)		1.00	—	—
Diet consistency
Liquid	0 (0.0)	16 (100.0)	0.046	1.00	0.049	1.00
Solid	4 (21.1)	15 (78.9)		0.78 (0.62–0.99)	—	0.60 (0.36–0.99)
Lip hypotonia
Absent	3 (42.9)	4 (57.1)	0.112	1.68 (0.88–3.21)	—	—
Present	1 (3.6)	27 (96.4)		1.00	—	—
Level 3: behavioral and oral characteristics
Tongue interposition
Absent	2 (16.7)	10 (83.3)	0.606	1.00	—	—
Present	2 (10.0)	18 (90.0)		1.08 (0.80–1.44)	—	—
Lip interposition
Absent	4 (15.4)	22 (84.6)	0.046	1.00	—	—
Present	0 (0.0)	6 (100.0)		1.18 (1.01–1.39)	—	—
Feeding bottle up to the first 24 months or more
Absent	0 (0.0)	9 (100.0)	0.084	1.18 (0.97–1.44)	—	—
Present	3 (15.8)	16 (84.2)		1.00	—	—
Digital sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more
Absent	4 (13.3)	26 (86.7)	0.046	0.86 (0.75–0.99)	0.043	0.57 (0.33–0.98)
Present	0 (0.0)	4 (100.0)		1.00	—	1.00
Pacifier sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more
Absent	4 (14.3)	24 (85.7)	0.046	0.85 (0.73–0.99)	—	—
Present	0 (0.0)	6 (100.0)		1.00	—	—
Loss of 1st permanent molar
No	4 (14.8)	23 (85.2)	0.046	0.85 (0.72–0.99)	—	—
Yes	0 (0.0)	7 (100.0)		1.00	—	—

Poisson regression not adjusted for independent variables and presence of severe malocclusion Variables incorporated in the multivariate model (), age, caregiver schooling, family income, CP location, communication capability, type of breathing, diet consistency, lip hypotonia, lip interposition, feeding bottle, digital sucking, pacifier sucking, and loss of 1st permanent molar. Poisson multivariate regression adjusted for the presence of severe malocclusion and socioeconomic, systemic, and behavioral characteristics (independent variables) by the hierarchical procedure.