Oral Hygiene Practices, Knowledge, and Self-Reported Dental and Gingival Problems with Rural-Urban Disparities among Primary School children in Lilongwe, Malawi
Table 4
Distribution of study participants in relation to toothache experience, disturbances in class, gingival bleeding, and swelling by sociodemographic characteristics.
Oral condition and disturbance in class
Age group (years)
Gender
Residence
Standard
Parents’ education
11–12 years (n = 172)
13–14 years (n = 237)
Male (n = 193)
Female (n = 216)
Urban (n = 209)
Rural (n = 200)
Lower (n = 127)
Upper (n = 282)
≤1° (n = 149)
≥2° (n = 260)
Toothache
37.2
26.2
30.1
31.5
40.2
21.0
28.7
35.4
23.5
35.0
Gingival bleeding
25.6
23.6
27.5
21.8
30.1
18.5
22.8
25.2
22.1
25.8
Gingival swelling
25.6
19.0
20.7
22.7
27.3
16.0
19.7
22.7
18.8
23.5
Disturbed in class
20.9
17.3
16.6
20.8
19.6
18.0
19.7
18.4
20.1
18.1
Statistically significant differences between the categories: = , = , and = . No asterisk: statistically not significant (NS).
