Oral Hygiene Practices, Knowledge, and Self-Reported Dental and Gingival Problems with Rural-Urban Disparities among Primary School children in Lilongwe, Malawi

Table 5

Binary logistic regression analyses of toothache and gingival bleeding in relation to knowledge of oral hygiene, oral hygiene practices, and demographic factors among primary schoolchildren in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Demographic and predisposing factors	Toothache				Gingival bleeding on tooth brushing
	B	SE	Odds ratio	95% CI	B	SE	Odds ratio	95% CI
Not using plastic toothbrush	0.995	0.402	2.624	1.194–5.767^c	1.222	0.403	3.395	1.540–7.484^b
Not brushing before breakfast	0.706	0.384	2.027	0.955–4.301	0.772	0.388	2.165	1.012–4.632^c
Residence: urban versus rural	1.032	0.237	2.806	1.765–4.461^a	0.785	0.253	2.192	1.334–3.600^b

B = beta weights (regression coefficient); SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval. Statistical significance: ^a, ^b, and ^c. No asterisk: statistically not significant (NS).