Moral Hazard and the Demand for Dental Treatment: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in Thailand

Table 2

Dental care utilization in the previous 12 Months with socioeconomic characteristics and dental insurance by tabulation.

Variables	The Number of Dental Care Visits					Dental Care Expenditure Deciles
	0	1	2	3+	Observations		(0 baht)	(10–30)	(35–400)	(420–700)	(750–1,400)	(1,500+)	Average	Observation
	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent			Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Unit: baht
Gender
Male	93.5	5	1	0.4	127,949	(47.5%)	56.8	7.1	8.5	10.4	8.6	8.6	471.6	7,434	(38.4%)
Female	91	6.7	1.5	0.9	141,257	(52.5%)	53.5	8.4	7.6	9.2	10.6	10.6	573.7	11,932	(61.6%)
Total	92.2	5.9	1.3	0.7	269,206	(100%)	54.8	7.9	8	9.7	9.8	9.8	534.5	19,366	(100%)
Age
0–15 years	89.3	8.4	1.7	0.6	51,707	(19.2%)	70.7	5	7.7	6.5	5.4	4.6	266.2	4,093	(21.1%)
16–24 years	91.7	5.4	1.3	1.6	25,386	(9.4%)	33.5	11.1	8.2	12	19.1	16	810	2,063	(10.7%)
25–34 years	92.3	5.5	1.2	1	29,857	(11.1%)	43.2	7.4	9	13.1	15.2	12.2	638.7	2,283	(11.8%)
35–44 years	93.2	5.3	1.1	0.4	39,186	(14.6%)	49.8	8.8	9.2	12.6	11	8.6	476.3	2,652	(13.7%)
45–54 years	92.9	5.5	1.1	0.5	46,284	(17.2%)	50	12.2	8.6	11.2	9.5	8.5	497.3	3,252	(16.8%)
55–64 years	92.4	5.8	1.3	0.5	39,847	(14.8%)	57.8	8.1	7.1	8.3	7.8	10.8	603.2	3,003	(15.5%)
65+ years	94.4	4.2	0.9	0.5	36,939	(13.7%)	66.9	2.7	5.7	5.5	5.4	13.8	713	2,020	(10.4%)
Total	92.2	5.9	1.3	0.7	269,206	(100%)	54.8	7.9	8	9.7	9.8	9.8	534.5	19,366	(100%)
Level of education
No formal education	95	4.2	0.5	0.2	12,448	(4.9%)	68.4	8.8	7.4	5.5	4.7	5.3	295.4	512	(2.8%)
Preschool	90.6	7.6	1.4	0.5	54,106	(21.5%)	71.2	7.1	7.8	5.4	3.6	4.9	272.2	4,056	(21.8%)
Primary school	94.5	4.3	0.8	0.4	86,636	(34.4%)	57.5	12.7	7.5	8.3	6.4	7.6	445	4,514	(24.3%)
Secondary school	93.1	5	1	0.8	34,581	(13.7%)	43.2	11.5	8.6	11.6	13.6	11.4	648	2,332	(12.5%)
High school	91.5	6.1	1.3	1	30,843	(12.3%)	41.3	9.3	10	12.4	14.1	13	675.2	2,583	(13.9%)
Diploma	89.4	7.8	1.8	1	8,237	(3.3%)	48	4.6	8.5	13.6	12.9	12.5	648.7	863	(4.6%)
Bachelor’s degree	85.7	9.7	2.9	1.7	21,831	(8.7%)	44.9	1.8	7.4	13.6	16.6	15.6	821.1	3,117	(16.7%)
Higher than bachelor’s degree	79.3	12.8	5.7	2.2	3,074	(1.2%)	48.7	0.3	4.4	11.7	17.4	17.4	870.3	632	(3.4%)
Total	92	6	1.3	0.7	251,756	(100%)	53.9	8.1	8	9.8	10.1	10.1	547.5	18,609	(100%)
Marital status
Single	91.4	5.8	1.5	1.3	54,457	(23.9%)	40.7	7	7.5	12.7	17.4	14.7	764.7	4,506	(28%)
Married	93	5.3	1.1	0.5	141,456	(62%)	53.6	9.7	8.1	10.1	8.9	9.6	534.4	9,724	(60.5%)
Widowed/Divorced/Separated	94.2	4.5	0.9	0.5	32,059	(14.1%)	59.9	7.4	7.9	7.3	6.8	10.6	583.9	1,839	(11.4%)
Total	92.8	5.3	1.2	0.7	227,972	(100%)	50.7	8.7	7.9	10.5	11.1	11.2	604.6	16,069	(100%)
Occupation
Public servants	86.6	9.2	3	1.2	4,173	(1.9%)	41.3	2.9	6.5	13.9	16.7	18.7	877.8	552	(3.6%)
Professions	84	10.6	3.6	1.8	7,657	(3.5%)	55.5	0.6	6.1	11.8	14.3	11.7	643.8	1,223	(7.9%)
Technicians	86.9	9	2.8	1.4	4,701	(2.1%)	50.7	0.3	8.3	14	13.8	12.8	731.1	615	(4%)
Clerks	87.3	9	2.1	1.6	4,870	(2.2%)	47.1	1.5	11.6	13	13.8	13	689	614	(4%)
Service/Sales workers	91.5	6.3	1.4	0.8	30,832	(14%)	39.7	6.9	10	13.8	14.7	14.9	790.9	2,595	(16.7%)
Farmers	94.7	4.3	0.7	0.3	59,136	(26.8%)	58.7	17.8	7.5	6.5	4.2	5.4	315.8	3,057	(19.7%)
Crafts	94.5	4.3	0.9	0.4	14,681	(6.7%)	53.7	9.4	8.6	12.4	8.3	7.7	471.2	807	(5.2%)
Factory workers	94.1	4.8	0.9	0.3	10,214	(4.6%)	54.8	5.3	11.4	13.4	9.5	5.7	371.6	599	(3.9%)
Unskilled workers	95.5	3.6	0.6	0.3	16,565	(7.5%)	56.8	16	9.2	8.1	5.6	4.4	311.9	732	(4.7%)
Unemployed	92.9	5	1.2	0.9	67,656	(30.7%)	48.8	7.8	6.8	9.5	13	14.1	727.7	4,709	(30.4%)
Total	92.9	5.3	1.2	0.7	220,485	(100%)	50.4	8.7	8	10.5	11.1	11.3	607.6	15,503	(100%)
Average monthly income quintiles (unit: Baht)
Q1 (773 baht)	94.5	4.1	0.8	0.6	34,688	(21.6%)	54.1	11.8	7.8	7.9	8.8	9.6	530.4	1,858	(16.4%)
Q2 (3,956 baht)	94	4.5	0.9	0.6	33,465	(20.8%)	55.5	11.4	8.5	8.1	7.6	8.9	507.8	1,976	(17.4%)
Q3 (7,426 baht)	94.4	4.3	0.8	0.5	30,710	(19.1%)	52	12.6	11.3	9.2	7.7	7.3	421.3	1,693	(14.9%)
Q4 (12,336 baht)	92.5	5.7	1.1	0.6	30,151	(18.8%)	44.8	7.1	11.3	14.6	11.3	10.9	626.4	2,225	(19.6%)
Q5 (32,375 baht)	88.5	8	2.4	1.1	31,588	(19.7%)	47.9	2.8	6.8	13	14	15.4	804.1	3,606	(31.7%)
Total	92.8	5.3	1.2	0.7	160,602	(100%)	50.3	8.1	8.8	11	10.6	11.3	615.9	11,358	(100%)
Dental insurance
Uninsured	95.3	3.2	1	0.5	1,990	(0.8%)	5.1	1.3	11.5	32.1	17.9	32.1	1,646.20	78	(0.4%)
UCS	94.9	4.2	0.7	0.2	197,020	(76.4%)	79.5	17.5	1.7	0.5	0.3	0.5	29.5	8,595	(44.4%)
SSS	91.8	6.7	1.3	0.2	25,787	(10%)	67.1	0.5	11.7	10.5	6.8	3.4	252	2,116	(10.9%)
CSMBS	90.7	6.7	2	0.7	24,366	(9.4%)	92.9	0.4	2.4	1	1.4	1.8	96.5	2,219	(11.5%)
Private insurance	86.1	10.4	2	1.5	941	(0.4%)	59.5	0	3.1	14.5	6.9	16	717.8	131	(0.7%)
Insurance by employer	86.5	8.9	3.7	0.9	694	(0.3%)	77.7	0	2.1	8.5	3.2	8.5	305.9	94	(0.5%)
Other insurance	92	6.2	1.3	0.4	1,043	(0.4%)	89.3	6.7	2.7	0	0	1.3	36	75	(0.4%)
Insured paid by cash	0	63.7	18.9	17.4	6,089	(2.4%)	1.1	0.1	17.8	25.3	27.7	27.9	1,501.50	6,034	(31.2%)
Total	91.9	6.1	1.3	0.7	257,930	(100%)	54.8	7.9	8	9.7	9.8	9.8	533.3	19,342	(100%)
Region
Bangkok	85.3	9.5	3.7	1.5	12,152	(4.5%)	30.9	0.4	5.7	15.8	22.1	25.2	1,197.60	1,713	(8.8%)
Central	92.6	5.4	1.3	0.7	78,624	(29.2%)	50.8	6.2	8.7	11.5	11.4	11.4	604.8	5,512	(28.5%)
Northern	91.4	6.7	1.1	0.7	57,875	(21.5%)	62.4	8.8	7.6	6.8	7	7.4	403.6	4,461	(23%)
Northeast	93.5	5.3	0.8	0.4	73,755	(27.4%)	66.5	10.6	6.9	6.1	5.1	4.8	298.1	4,279	(22.1%)
Southern	92.1	5.7	1.5	0.7	46,800	(17.4%)	48.5	10	9.9	11.9	10.7	9	555.5	3,401	(17.6%)
Total	92.2	5.9	1.3	0.7	269,206	(100%)	54.8	7.9	8	9.7	9.8	9.8	534.5	19,366	(100%)