Moral Hazard and the Demand for Dental Treatment: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in Thailand

Table 3

Use of dental treatments in the previous 12 Months with socioeconomic characteristics and dental insurance by tabulation.

Variables	Preventive Treatments				Basic Restorative		Major Restorative			Observation
	Exams	Scaling	Sealant	Fluoride	Filling	Extraction	Root canal	Denture	Orthodontics
	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent	Percent
Gender
Male	46.1	35.8	40	48.8	35.7	42.8	42.2	35.7	20.7	8,233	(39.3%)
Female	53.9	64.2	60	51.2	64.3	57.2	57.8	64.3	79.3	12,711	(60.7%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	20,944	(100%)
Age
0–15 years	64.5	12.6	41.9	97.6	28.3	19.6	16.3	0.1	10.2	5,519	(26.4%)
16–24 years	4.1	13.4	8.6	0.5	12.5	5.4	9.8	1.7	50.1	2,102	(10%)
25–34 years	4.7	18.5	9.5	0.2	12.7	6.6	6.6	1	30	2,283	(10.9%)
35–44 years	4.2	21.4	9.5	0.5	15	10.6	16.3	4.8	7.9	2,671	(12.8%)
45–54 years	5.9	18.4	14.3	0.3	15.6	20.5	19.1	13.6	1.5	3,278	(15.7%)
55–64 years	8.6	11.4	9.5	0.8	11.3	21.7	22.3	31.3	0	3,043	(14.5%)
65+ years	7.9	4.2	6.7	0.2	4.6	15.6	9.6	47.5	0.2	2,048	(9.8%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	20,944	(100%)
Level of education
No formal education	6.5	1.2	4	12	1.5	4	2	5.5	0.2	625	(3.1%)
Nursery school	51.5	9.7	31.7	76.3	22.3	31.8	11	27.6	0.1	5,088	(25.4%)
Primary school	19.1	15.8	19.8	8.3	21.6	33.8	18.8	35.7	8.4	4,715	(23.6%)
Secondary school	5.2	13	10.9	0.9	14.2	11.1	12.2	8.8	25.9	2,372	(11.9%)
High school	5.6	17.7	9.9	0	15.5	9.5	16	8.4	27.7	2,588	(12.9%)
Diploma	2	6.7	4	0.9	4.9	2.9	5.6	3	7	866	(4.3%)
Bachelor’s degree	8.1	29.3	16.8	1.4	16.7	6.2	25.2	9.5	26.6	3,117	(15.6%)
Higher than bachelor’s degree	2.2	6.5	3	0.3	3.3	0.7	9.2	1.4	4	633	(3.2%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	20,004	(100%)
Marital status
Single	29.4	36.8	44.4	66.7	35.5	13.9	27	6.9	74.2	4,678	(28.6%)
Married	57.6	55.5	46	30.3	56	70.3	64.7	68.3	23	9,788	(59.9%)
Widowed/Divorced/Separated	13	7.7	9.5	3	8.5	15.8	8.3	24.8	2.8	1,874	(11.5%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	16,340	(100%)
Occupation
Public servants	3.5	6	3.2	6.7	3.5	1.8	5.9	2.2	1.8	555	(3.5%)
Professionals	7.9	14.4	8.1	20	7.7	2.2	14.8	1.8	10.1	1,224	(7.8%)
Technicians	2.9	7.2	6.5	0	4.1	1.4	3.3	1.7	5.7	615	(3.9%)
Clerks	1.7	6.8	4.8	6.7	4.7	1.6	2.8	0.8	6.5	617	(3.9%)
Service/Sales workers	11.6	17.2	29	20	19.4	15.6	20.9	15.3	14.9	2,607	(16.6%)
Farmers	21.4	10.3	6.5	13.3	16.1	32.6	11	21	3.2	3,119	(19.9%)
Crafts	3.4	4.2	1.6	0	5	6.6	3.5	6.6	2.9	807	(5.2%)
Factory workers	1.7	4.7	9.7	0	4.7	3.6	2.1	1.8	2.6	602	(3.8%)
Unskilled workers	3.6	3.6	3.2	0	4.1	6.9	1.9	4.8	1	739	(4.7%)
Unemployed	42.3	25.5	27.4	33.3	30.4	27.8	33.8	44	51.2	4,783	(30.5%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	15,668	(100%)
Average monthly income quintiles (unit: Baht)
Q1 (773 baht)	22.7	11.1	12.5	18.2	15.5	18.9	13.4	22.1	24.6	1,895	(16.5%)
Q2 (3,956 baht)	19.3	10.6	16.7	9.1	15.1	23.3	9.8	24.1	20.9	2,018	(17.6%)
Q3 (7,426 baht)	14.8	11.5	12.5	9.1	13.7	19.1	10.7	13.9	12	1,718	(15%)
Q4 (12,336 baht)	14.4	20.4	31.3	9.1	22.6	19.1	13.4	14.9	19.3	2,235	(19.5%)
Q5 (32,375 baht)	28.7	46.4	27.1	54.5	33	19.6	52.7	25	23.3	3,609	(31.5%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	11,475	(100%)
Dental insurance
Uninsured	0.9	0.5	1	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.8	0.3	0.2	92	(0.4%)
UCS	73	29.4	37.1	83	45.6	59.9	21.6	34.1	1.6	9,971	(48%)
SSS	2.6	22.5	4.8	0.3	12.1	6	4.6	2.2	0.4	2,110	(10.1%)
CSMBS	10.7	16	10.5	4.7	11.5	7.9	18	13.1	0.9	2,272	(10.9%)
Private insurance	0.8	0.7	1	1.2	0.7	0.4	1.6	0.4	0.5	130	(0.6%)
Insurance by employer	0.2	1.2	1.9	0.2	0.4	0	0.6	0.3	0.2	94	(0.5%)
Other insurance	0.5	0.3	0	0.2	0.5	0.5	0	0.1	0.4	83	(0.4%)
Insured paid by cash	11.2	29.5	43.8	10.2	28.8	25.1	52.9	49.5	95.8	6,041	(29.1%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	20,793	(100%)
Region
Bangkok	7.1	15.5	10.5	3	8.5	3.5	15.3	6.2	11.1	1,768	(8.4%)
Central	18	31.1	27.6	25.4	30.9	26	28.5	31.4	31.5	5,771	(27.6%)
Northern	29.3	20.4	23.8	15.5	22.9	24.6	18.7	28.2	24.4	4,935	(23.6%)
Northeast	30.6	16.9	14.3	30.1	18.2	27.8	18.7	17.1	20.2	4,800	(22.9%)
Southern	15	16.2	23.8	25.9	19.6	18.1	18.7	17.1	12.8	3,670	(17.5%)
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	20,944	(100%)

Authors’ Calculation. Source: Thailand’s National Statistical Office.