Concentrated Growth Factors Combined with Lipopolysaccharide Stimulate the In Vitro Regenerative and Osteogenic Activities of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells by Balancing Inflammation

Figure 2

(a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured onto dentin discs (A1, 2) treated with LPS 0.1 µg/ml (B), LPS 1 µg/ml (C), LPS 10 µg/ml (D), CGF (E), LPS plus CGF (F), and the control group lacking LPS/CGF (G). The dentin surface and dentinal tubules can be seen in part (A) Adhesion of DPSCs () is evident with clear cytoplasmic extensions () in all groups except for the LPS 10 µg/ml group. (b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured onto treated dentin discs. Under 200x magnification (upper row), it is evident that the highest cell number was in the concentrated growth factor (CGF) group, followed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 0.1 µg/ml and control groups. There are nearly no viable cells in the LPS 10 µg/ml group. There was probably higher cell proliferation and attachment in the CGF + LPS 1 µg/ml group compared with LPS 1 µg/ml.

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