| Is it clear in the study what is the “cause” and what is the “effect”? | Were the participants included in any comparisons similar? | Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest? | Was there a control group? | Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure? | Was follow-up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow-up adequately described and analyzed? | Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | % of “yes” scores | Risk of bias |