Electrogalvanism in Oral Implantology: A Systematic Review

Table 3

The evaluation of the oxidation surface.

Study	Galvanic couples	Environment, pH, period, method, area ratio, etc.	Results
Barros, camila 2020 [21] in vitro	Ti6Al4V/NiCr	(i) 0.9% NaCl at 227 ppm of F−, 2270 ppm of F−	A significant increase in roughness with increasing fluoride concentration and decreasing pH; the surface of Ti6Al4V coupled with NiCr of 12300 ppm F− solution at pH 4.0 showed an increase in roughness compared to that of 227 ppm F− solution at pH 5.5.
		(ii) 12300 ppm of F−, pH 5,5 and 4,0
		(iii) Confocal microscope
		(iv) 15 days
		(v) 1
Tuna et al. 2009 [12] in vitro	Ti cp (G 4)/Pd	(i) AS, pH 6.7, at 37°C	Significant fractures were observed by SEM on the surface of the superstructures of the Ti cpG4/NiCr and Ti cp/CoCr pairs. However, there were still few unaffected areas appearing weakly attached to the surface that could be detected. When the surfaces of the Ti cp/Pd and Au materials were studied, almost no visible effect has been revealed.
	Ti cp (G 4)/Au	(ii) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
	Ti cp (G 4)/NiCr	(iii) 14 H
	Ti cp (G 4)/CoCr	(iv) 0.33
Oh and Kim 2004 [14] in vitro	Ti cp (G3)/gold	(i) AS at 37°C	Black spots were observed by SEM on the surface of the titanium connectors in all pairs.
	Ti cp (G 3)/NiCr	(ii) Optical microscope.
	Ti cp (G 3)/CoCr	(iii) 5000s
	Ti cp (G 3)/Ti cp (G 3)