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| Study | Galvanic couples | Environment, pH, period, method, area ratio, etc. | Results |
|
| Barros and Camila 2020 [21] in vitro | Ti6Al4V/NiCr | (i) 0.9% NaCl at 227 ppm of F−, 2270 ppm of F, and 12300 ppm of F−, pH 5,5 and 4,0 | A concentration of released Ti ions of 174.05 ppm in 12300 ppm of F− at pH 4.0 and 0.059 ppm in 227 ppm of F− at pH 5.5. |
| (ii) ICP-MS1 | Quantification for V ions gave 0,54 ppm in 12300 ppm of F− at pH 4.0 and 0,028 ppm in 227 ppm of F− at pH 5.5. |
| (iii) 15 days |
| (iv) 1 |
| Bortagaray et al. 2016 [8] in vitro | Ti cp/noble alloys | (i) AS pH 7,1 | Noble alloys with high gold and palladium content combined with cp titanium implants showed minimal release of metal ions into the environment. |
| Ti cp/Ti cp | (ii) Analytical technique by static immersion. |
| (iii) 3 months |
| Lee JJ. et al. 2015 [22] in vitro | Ti cp/Ni–Cr–Be | (i) DMEM2 + des | Release of metal ions was enhanced by galvanic corrosion due to contact between the base metal and titanium. |
| Ti cp/NiCr | (ii) L-929 mouse | The amount of metal ions released and the cytotoxicity of the Ni–Cr alloy with beryllium was greater than that of other Ni–Cr alloys not containing beryllium. |
| Ti cp/Ni-high Cr | (iii) Fibroblast cells. |
| (iv) ICP-MS, |
| (v) 48 hours |
| Yamazoe M. 2010 [23] in vitro | Ti cp et Ti6Al4V/Ti cp, Ti6Al4V | (i) Lactic acid at 1% at 37°C | The level of Ti ion release was influenced by the microstructure of titanium. It was lower when the grain size was smaller. In the titanium-titanium combinations, the differences in the microstructure of the metal also markedly influenced the ionic release. |
| Ti/noble alloys | (ii) ICPE3, SCLM4 |
| With different surface roughness | (iii) 3 months |
| Tuna et al. 2009 [12] in vitro | Cp Ti (G4)/Pd | (i) SA, pH 6.7, at 37°C | Higher total ionic concentration was observed in nonprecious alloys while precious alloys and titanium had much lower ionic concentration. |
| Cp Ti (G4)/Au | (ii) ICP-MS, |
| Cp Ti (G4)/NiCr | (iii) 14 H |
| Cp Ti (G4)/CoCr | (iv) 0.33 |
| Foti et al. 1999 [24] in vivo | Cp Ti/precious alloy | (i) 8 implants Ti cp in the mandible of three primates | (i) After 2 months. |
| Cp Ti/Ti | (ii) Histological analysis | (ii) Absence of titanium ions on the 48 regions explored. |
| (iii) 2 months | (iii) The sectors with titanium superstructures. |
| (iv) Migration of titanium to the area around the cervical region of the implant occurred in the presence of a precious alloy. This phenomenon did not occur with a titanium superstructure. |
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