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| Study (author, reference) | Study design | Test group (toothbrush model, mechanism of action, n male, n female, n smokers, mean age) | Control group (toothbrush model, n male, n female, n smokers, mean age) | Brushing time | Outcomes of interest (clinical indexes) | Experimental times | Main results |
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| Salzer et al. [38] | Randomized controlled clinical trial in individuals susceptible to gingival recession | Different types of toothbrush | n=55, manual toothbrush | Twice daily for 2 min | Influence on pre-existing GR following 12 months of toothbrushing with a power toothbrush compared to a reference manual toothbrush | 12 months | Neither the power toothbrush nor manual toothbrush led to an increase in pre-existing gingival recession during 12 months of daily use. |
| Dorfer et al. [39] | Randomized controlled clinical trial in subjects with pre-existing gingival recession | Different types of toothbrush | n=54, ADA reference manual toothbrush | 2 min | Long-term effects of brushing with an oscillating-rotating powered toothbrush vs. an ADA reference manual toothbrush on pre-existing gingival recession | 3 years | Gingival recession in subjects with pre-existing recession was significantly reduced after 3 years of brushing with either a powered or manual toothbrush. |
| McCracken et al. [40] | Randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy patients with pre-existing gingival recession of at least 1mm | Different types of toothbrush | n=26, manual toothbrush | Twice daily for 2 min | Clinical effects of manual vs. powered toothbrushes on sites of localized gingival recession | 12 months | No progression of gingival recession in subjects using either toothbrush over 12 months. No difference in the overall wear of the powered and manual toothbrushes over successive 3-month periods. |
| Hefti and Stone [36] | Randomized controlled clinical trial in patients complaining from tooth hypersensitivity in canines or premolars | Different powered toothbrushes | | Twice daily for exactly 2 min | Effect of different types of powered brushes in a clinical trial designed for the study of dentin hypersensitivity | 8 weeks | Treatment-related differences were not statistically significant. |
| Rosema et al. [41] | Randomized controlled clinical trial | Different powered toothbrushes | n=90, manual brush | | To assess gingival recession (GR) in manual and powered toothbrush users and evaluate the relationship between GR and gingival abrasion scores | At least 1 year | There was no correlation between gingival abrasion as a result of brushing and the observed gingival recession following use of either toothbrush. |
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