Research Article

Hormonal Fluctuations and Periodontal Status in Postmenopausal Women

Table 1

Characteristics of the study sample according to the periodontal status (n = 928).

VariableOverall (n = 928)No periodontitis (n = 434)Periodontitis (n = 494)value

Age (year), mean (SD)53.98, (7.58)53.60, (8.27)54.30, (6.90)0.158
Number of lost teeth, mean (SD)11.72, (6.62)11.51, (7.26)11.91, (6.01)0.352
BMI (Kg/M2), mean (SD)29.69, (4.80)29.58, (4.62)29.79, (4.97)0.501
Wealth index score, mean (SD)−0.0974, (0.97)−0.0678, (0.98)−0.123, (0.96)0.384
Marital status, N[%]0.948
 Never married11, (1.2)5, (1.1)6, (1.2)
 Married and living with a spouse788, (84.9)367, (84.5)421, (85.2)
 Married but living alone129, (13.9)62, (14.3)67, (13.5)
History of hypertension, N[%]0.407
 No565, (61.1)270, (62.5)295, (59.8)
 Yes360, (38.9)162, (37.5)198, (40.1)
Tooth brushing frequency, N[%]0.014
 ≤1 per week92, (10.3)34, (8.3)58, (11.9)
 2–6 per week288, (32.2)119, (29.1)169, (34.9)
 ≥1 per day512, (57.4)255, (62.5)257, (53.1)
Educational status, N[%]0.011
 None114, (12.2)48, (11)66, (13.36.3)
 1–5 years329, (35.4)134, (30.9)195, (39.47)
 6–12 years386, (41.5)199, (51.5)187, (48.4)
 More than 1299, (10.6)53, (12.2)46, (9.31)
History of diabetes, N[%]0.407
 Yes325, (35)158, (36.4)167, (33.8)
 No603, (65)276, (63.5)385, (66.1)
Cigarette/Hookah smoking, N[%]0.956
 Smokers66, (7.1)31, (7.2)35, (7.1)
 Nonsmokers858, (92.9)400, (92.8)458, (92.9)
Infertility N[%]0.939
 Yes146, (15.8)69, (15.9)77, (15.7)
 No778, (84.1)365, (84.1)413, (84.3)
History of infertility drug use, N[%]0.783
 Yes51, (5.6)23, (5.3)28, (5.5)
 No873, (94.4)411, (94.7)462, (94.5)
Use of oral contraceptives, N[%]0.344
 Yes413, (44.5)186, (42.8)227, (45.9)
 No515, (55.5)248, (57.1)267, (54)
Taking hormonal replacement drugs, N[%]0.722
 Yes55, (5.9)27, (6.2)28, (5.7)
 No873, (94.1)407, (93.8)466, (94.3)
Menopause age, N[%]0.360
 ≤45274, (28.72)105, (27.93)169, (29.24)
 46–50316, (33.12)132, (35.11)184, (31.83)
 51-52159, (16.67)54, (14.36)105, (18.17)
 ≥53205, (21.49)85, (22.61)120, (21.49)
Reproductive period, N[%]0.454
 ≤32273, (29.4)121, (27.9)152, (30.8) 138, (23.88)
 33–36239, (25.7)118, (27.2)121, (24.5)
 37–39233, (25.11)115, (26.5)118, (23.9)
 ≥40183, (19.7)80, (18.4)103, (20.8)
Breast feeding duration, N[%]0.573
 ≤44231, (25.5)108, (25.5)123, (25.5)
 45–73226, (25)111, (26.2)115, (23.9)
 74–108239, (26.4)103, (24.3)136, (28.2)
 ≥109209, (23.1)101, (23.9)108, (22.4)
Number of pregnancies, N[%]0.098
 ≤4361, (39.1)174, (40.1)187, (38.2)
 5147, (15.9)77, (17.5)71, (14.5)
 6-7245, (26.5)99, (22.8)146, (29.8)
 ≥8171, (18.5)85, (19.6)86, (17.5)
Number of abortions, N[%]0.613
 0562, (62.1)259, (61.2)303, (62.9)
 ≥1343, (37.9)164, (38.8)179, (37.1)
Age at first living childbirth, N[%]0.806
 ≤18242, (27)106, (25.4)136, (28.3)
 19-20212, (23.6)101, (24.2)111, (23.1)
 21–23244, (27.2)115, (27.6)129, (26.9)
 ≥24199, (22.2)95, (22.8)104, (21.7)
Age at first pregnancy, N[%]0.868
 ≤17232, (25.6)106, (25.1)126, (26.1)
 18–20314, (34.7)143, (33.8)171, (35.5)
 21-22160, (17.7)78, (18.4)82, (17)
 ≥23199, (22)96, (22.7)103, (21.3)
Menarche age, N[%]0.664
 ≤12235, (25.3)111, (25.6)124, (25.1)
 13234, (25.2)111, (25.6)123, (24.9)
 14-15386, (41.6)183, (42.2)203, (41.1)
 ≥16073, (7.9)29, (6.7)44, (8.9)