Hormonal Fluctuations and Periodontal Status in Postmenopausal Women
Table 2
Crude and adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the prevalence of periodontitis (CAL ≥1 mm) according to different lifetime hormonal fluctuation events.
Variable
Crude, OR (95% CI)
Adjusted model 1, OR (95% CI)
Adjusted model 2, OR (95% CI)
Adjusted model 3, OR (95% CI)
Type of menopause
Natural
1.07, (0.80–1.44)
1.05, (0.78–1.41)
1.05, (0.78–1.42)
1.02, (0.75–1.39)
Artificial
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
Hysterectomy
Yes
0.97, (0.72–1.30)
0.98, (0.73–1.32)
0.99, (0.73–1.33)
1.03, (0.76–1.41)
No
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
Infertility
Yes
0.98, (0.69–1.40)
1.00, (0.70–1.43)
1.02, (0.71–1.46)
0.98, (0.77–1.42)
No
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
History of infertility drug use
Yes
1.08, (0.61–1.90)
1.10, (0.62–1.94)
1.08, (0.61–1.92)
1.14, (0.63–2.09)
No
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
OCP use
Yes
1.13, (0.87–1.46)
1.12, (0.86–1.65)
1.12, (0.86–1.46)
1.10, (0.84–1.44)
No
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
History of hormonal replacement drug use
Yes
1.10, (0.61–1.75)
1.12, (0.64–1.93)
1.12, (0.65–1.94)
1.24, (0.70–2.18)
No
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
Menopause age
1, (ref)
≤45
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
46–50
0.91, (0.65–1.27)
0.89, (0.64–1.25)
0.89, (0.64–1.24)
0.91, (0.65–1.29)
51–52
1.30, (0.87–1.95)
1.24, (0.82–1.87)
1.24, (0.82–1.88)
1.14, (0.75–1.75)
≥53
0.78, (0.54–1.14)
0.75, (0.51–1.09)
0.75, (0.81–1.02)
0.78, (0.53–1.16)
Reproductive period
≤32
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
33–36
0.81, (0.57–1.15)
0.80, (0.51–1.13)
0.78, (0.54–1.11)
0.77, (0.51–1.12)
37–39
0.81, (0.57–1.15)
0.75, (0.55–1.12)
0.78 (0.55–1.12)
0.80, (0.56–1.16)
≥40
1.02, (0.70–1.49)
0.97, (0.66–1.43)
0.98, (0.66–1.44)
0.97, (0.65–1.44)
1.04, (0.70–1.55)
Breast feeding duration
≤44
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
45–73
0.90, (0.63–1.31)
0.91, (0.63–1.32)
0.93, (0.64–1.34)
0.93, (0.63–1.36)
74–108
1.15, (0.80–1.66)
1.15, (0.79–1.65)
1.14, (0.79–1.65)
1.12, (0.77–1.64)
≥109
0.93, (0.64–1.36)
0.93, (0.64–1.36)
0.95, (0.65–1.40)
0.93, (0.63–1.39)
Number of pregnancies
≤4
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
5
0.86, (0.59–1.27)
0.84, (0.57–1.24)
0.85, (0.58–1.26)
0.81, (0.55–1.21)
6-7
1.37, (0.98–1.90)
1.33, (0.95–1.85)
1.36, (0.97–1.90)
1.36, (0.96–1.92)
≥8
0.94, (0.65–1.35)
0.92, (0.64–1.33)
0.95, (0.65–1.38)
0.95, (0.64–1.40)
Number of abortions
0
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1
1.02, (0.75–1.32)
1.01, (0.74–1.37)
1.01, (0.74–1.38)
1.08, (0.78–1.49)
≥2
0.76, (0.50–1.15)
0.76, (0.50–1.15)
0.77, (0.51–1.16)
0.79, (0.51–1.20)
Age at first living childbirth
≤18
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
19-20
0.85, (0.59–1.24)
0.86, (0.59–1.24)
0.85, (0.58–1.24)
0.86, (0.58–1.26)
21–23
0.87, (0.61–1.24)
0.87, (0.61–1.24)
0.86, (0.60–1.24)
0.88, (0.60–1.28)
≥24
0.85, (0.58–1.24)
0.84, (0.57–1.23)
0.82, (0.56–1.23)
0.82, (0.55–1.22)
Age at first pregnancy
≤17
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
18–20
1.00, (0.71–1.41)
1.00, (0.71–1.41)
0.97, (0.69–1.37)
1.04, (0.72–1.5)
21-22
0.88, (0.59–1.32)
0.88, (0.58–1.32)
0.87, (0.57–1.31)
0.88, (0.57–1.35)
≥23
0.90, (0.61–1.31)
0.88, (0.60–1.)
0.86, (0.58–1.26)
0.92, (0.61–1.38)
Menarche age
≤12
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
1, (ref)
13
0.99, (0.69–1.42)
0.97, (0.67–1.39)
0.99, (0.69–1.43)
1.04, (0.70–1.52)
14-15
0.99, (0.71–1.37)
0.97, (0.70–1.35)
0.99, (0.71–1.38)
1.02, (0.73–1.43)
≥16
1.35, (0.79–2.31)
1.33, (0.73–2.27)
1.31, (0.76–2.25)
1.35, (0.77–2.36)
The baseline model is stratified on the lifetime hormonal fluctuations. The adjusted model 1 is adjusted for the confounding variable age (continuous variable). The adjusted model 2 has an additional adjustment for the confounding variables related to lifestyle (cigarette and hookah smoking), history of diabetes (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no), BMI (continuous variable), and WSI (continuous variable). The adjusted model 3 has an additional adjustment for brushing frequency (categorical variable). Statistically significant .
