Efficacy of Different Irrigant Activation Systems on Debris and Smear Layer Removal: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation

Table 3

Differences in remaining smear layer between irrigation/activation methods in the apical third of the canal (p values).

	Eddy	Endosonic	Irrisafe	Needle
Eddy	—	NS	NS	0.005
Endosonic	NS	—	NS	NS
Irrisafe	NS	NS	—	0.026
Needle	0.005	NS	0.026	—

Needle: Syringe and needle irrigation with no additional activation. NS: p value > 0.05.