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| Questions | Y | N | U | N (A) |
|
| Introduction |
| Were the aims/objectives of the study clear? | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Methods |
| Was the study design appropriate for the stated aim(s)? | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Was the sample size justified? | 0 | 18 | 1 | 1 |
| Was the target/reference population clearly defined? (Is it clear who the research was about?) | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Was the sample frame taken from an appropriate population base so that it closely represented the target/reference population under investigation? | 18 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Was the selection process likely to select subjects/participants that were representative of the target/reference population under investigation? | 17 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Were measures undertaken to address and categorise non-responders? | 11 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
| Were the risk factor and outcome variables measured appropriate to the aims of the study? | 19 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Were the risk factor and outcome variables measured correctly using instruments/measurements that had been trialled, piloted, or published previously? | 17 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Is it clear what was used to determine statistical significance and/or precision estimates (e.g., p values and confidence intervals)? | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Were the methods (including statistical methods) sufficiently described to enable them to be repeated? | 14 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Results |
| Were the basic data adequately described? | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Does the response rate raise concerns about non-response bias? | 1 | 19 | 0 | 0 |
| If appropriate, was information about non-responders described? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 19 |
| Were the results internally consistent? | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Were the results presented for all the analyses described in the methods? | 17 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Discussion |
| Were the authors’ discussions and conclusions justified by the results? | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Were the limitations of the study discussed? | 14 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Other |
| Were there any funding sources or conflicts of interest that may affect the authors’ interpretation of the results? | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Was ethical approval or consent of participants attained? | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
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