Effect of TiO₂ Abutment Coatings on Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Behavior: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies

Table 3

Included animal studies with their major characteristics.

Authors	Animal model	No. of implants	Implant type	Ti grade	TiO2 coating technique	Coating thickness/surface roughness	Soft tissue analysis	Time of exposure
Areva et al. [39]	Rat: 86	(i) 96 (48 test, 48 ctr); (ii) 36 (24 test, 12 ctr)	(i) Titanium discs; (ii) Cylindrical implants (5 mm × 7 mm)	CpTi; Grade 2	Sol–gel coating	Coating thickness = 380 nm; Ra (TiO2 coating) = 0.88 nm	SEM; histological; histomorphometric analyses	(i) 2, 7 days; (ii) 3, 12 days
Fukayo et al. [37]	27 rat	27 (9 laser—Ti, 9 Coll/laser—Ti, 9 Ti ctr)	Cylindrical titanium implants; (1 mm × 4.5 mm)	CpTi; Grade 2	Nanosecond-pulsed laser treatment, oxide layer	(Diagram without associated values), The Sa value of Laser-Ti is higher than Ti ctr	Histological analyses	3 weeks; 6 weeks
Paldan et al. [38]	23 rat	(i) 72 (54 test, 18 ctr); (ii) 56 (28 test, 28 ctr)	(i) Cylindrical implants (5 mm × 7 mm); (ii) Discoid implants (5 mm × 1 mm)	CpTi; Grade 2	Sol–gel coating	TiO2-coated implants; Sa = 0.255 μm	Histological and histomorphometric analyses	(i) 3, 11, 90 days; (ii) 14, 21 days
Rossi et al. [36]	six beagle dogs	40 (24 test, 16 ctr)	ITI straumann implants (4.1 mm × 8 mm)	CpTi; Grade 4	Sol–gel coating	Coating thickness = 380 nm; TiO2-coated implants; Sa = 0.255 μm	Histological and histomorphometric; analyses	8 weeks
Susin et al. [35]	24 mini pigs	96 (48 test, 48 ctr)	NobelActive (3.5 mm × 10 mm) implant and multi-unit abutment 2.5 mm	Grade 5	Anodized	Coating thickness = 153 ± 5 nm; anodized abutment: Sa = 0.1 μm	Histological and histomorphometric analyses	3, 6, 13 weeks
Ungersböck et al. [40]	10 sheep	(8 Ti anod. Fine; 7 Ti anod. medium; 7 Ti anod. coarse; 7 Ti milled)	Limited contact dynamic compression titanium plates	CpTi	Anodized	Ra, (μm): Ti anod. Fine = 0.44 ± 0.1; Ti anod. medium = 0.32 ± 0.1; Ti anod. Coarse = 0.76 ± 0.1; Ti milled = 0.91 ± 0.1	Histological and histomorphometric analyses	3 months
Welander et al. [34]	five mongrei dogs	20 (10 test, 10 ctr)	OsseoSpeed, Astra Tech Dental (3.5 mm × 8 mm)	Grade 4	TiOblast	NA	Histological and histomorphometric analyses	4 months

Abbreviations: ctr, control; SEM, scanning electron microscope; Ti, titanium; cpTi, commercially pure titanium; anod., anodized; Ra, the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the profile heights; Sa; the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of the surface departures from the mean plane; and NA, not available.