Author & year Study population Study setting Study design Study period Key findings ADC studied Most common ADC NADC studied Most common NADC Mortality assessed Population type Gender (those with cancer) Kauma et al., 2023 [40 ] 167 PLHIV & also with cancer Female (58.1%) Male (41.9%) Uganda (LIC) Cross-sectional 2018-2019 Cervical, KS, and NHL Cervical Head & neck, esophageal, breast, & others Breast No Muturi et al., 2023 [41 ] 301 with cancer, 32 (10.6%) PLHIV, and 269 (89.4%) HIV negative Female (67.8%) Male (32.2%) Kenya (LMIC) Cross-sectional 2021 Cervical, KS, and NHL Cervical Prostate, lung, gastric, gall bladder, HL breast, tongue, larynx, anal, and head & neck Breast No Arora et al., 2021 [42 ] 1258 PLHIV and 17 (1.4%) with cancer Female (41.2%) Male (58.8%) India (LMIC) Retrospective & prospective cohorts 2011-2018 NHL, KS, and invasive cervical cancer NHL Lung, leukemia, breast, tongue, larynx, HL, and anal HL (i) Mortality rates were similar in both ADCs and NADCs (ii) Mean survival duration was 29 and 15 months for ADC and NADC, respectively Horner et al., 2021 [43 ] 521623 PLHIV and 31611 (6.1%) with cancer Gender not specified USA (HIC) Retrospective cohort 2001-2015 Cervical, KS, and NHL NHL Anus, liver, HL, breast, prostate, lung, & colorectal Lung Mortality rate was 386.9 & highest in males (401.4) versus 348.1 in females (i) Leading with high cancer-attributable mortality rates were NHL (92.6) and lung (63.0) (ii) Cancer-attributable mortality was highest among those years (iii) Mortality declined by years: 484/100000 PY in 2001-2005 to 313.6/100000 PY in 2011-2015 Mendoza et al., 2021 [44 ] 269 PLHIV & also with cancer (276 cancers) Female (20.7%) Male (79.3%), Peru (UMIC) Cross-sectional 2000-2018 KS, NHL, & invasive cervical cancer KS HL, skin, & cervical cancer in situ HL No Patel et al., 2021 [45 ] 6641 PLHIV and 543 (8.2%) with cancer Female (21.7%) Male (78.7%) USA (HIC) Retrospective cohort 2005-2011 Cervical, KS, and NHL NHL Colorectal, lung, anal, renal pelvis, liver, prostate, HL multiple myeloma, bladder, & breast Colorectal No Spence et al., 2021 [46 ] 7912 PLHIV and 706 (8.9%) with cancer Female (19.7%) Male (80.3%) USA (HIC) Longitudinal observational cohort 2011-2017 NHL, cervical, and KS NHL Breast, prostate, skin, melanoma, lung, nonmelanoma, anal, liver, head/neck, colorectal, HL, & renal Breast No Wang et al., 2021 [47 ] 438 PLHIV & also with cancer Female (19%) Male (81%) China (UMIC) Retrospective cohort 2007-2020 NHL, KS, and cervical NHL Lung, thyroid, gastric, breast hepatic, rectal carcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, & others Lung No Altuntas et al., 2020 [48 ] 1872 PLHIV and 48 (2.6%) with cancer Female (8.3%) Male (91.7%) Turkey (UMIC) Retrospective cohort 1998-2016 KS and NHL KS Gastrointestinal, urogenital, lung, laryngeal, & spinal cord Not specified More NADC deaths (53.8%) compared to ADC deaths (22.9%) Calkins et al., 2020 [49 ] 236 PLHIV & also with cancer Female (31%) Male (69%) USA (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1997-2014 NHL (the only ADC) NHL Lung, liver, HL, prostate, & breast Lung (i) Among 138 HIV-infected who died, 74% was attributed to cancer (ii) The HIV-infected with baseline had on average a 7-month shorter survival after cancer diagnosis than those HIV negative (iii) Women with HIV and had on average a 10-month shorter survival than women without HIV Gheorghiță et al., 2019 [50 ] 110 PLHIV & also with cancer Female (43.6%) Male (56.4%) Romania (UMIC) Observational & retrospective cohort 2010-2016 KS, NHL, & cervical KS Breast, colorectal, HL, anal, hepatocellular, bronchopulmonary, gastric, & others Digestive & anal Cumulative mortality is 15.9 for ADCs and 19.5 for NADCs with NHL leading ADC-related deaths Sinha et al., 2019 [51 ] 999 PLHIV and 29 (2.9%) with cancer Female (24.1%) Male (75.9%) India (LMIC) Cross-sectional 2013-2016 NHL & invasive cervical NHL HL, lung, gall bladder, skin, nasal, & colon HL No Billa et al., 2018 [52 ] 1391 PLHIV & HCV coinfection and 94 (6.8%) with cancer Gender not specified France (HIC) Prospective cohort 2005-2017 Individual ADCs not specified Not specified Lung & nonmelanin skin, non-hepatitis C virus liver-related cancers, & hepatitis C virus-related Lung No Cornejo-Juarez et al., 2018 [53 ] 1126 PLHIV and 127 (11.3%) with cancer (NADCs only) Female (20.5%) Male (79.5%) Mexico (UMIC) Observational & retrospective cohort 1990-2016 No N/A HL, anal, germinal, vulvovaginal, breast, & others HL & vulvovaginal High proportion of deaths were in germinal cancer, all died Fink et al., 2018 [54 ] 15869 PLHIV and 783 (4.9%) with cancer Female (18%) Male (82%) Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (UMICs), Chile (HIC), and Honduras (LMIC Retrospective cohort 2000-2015 KS, NHL, & cervical KS Anal, breast, colon, HL, lung, prostate, renal, skin, testicular, & others Anal (i) 231/783 (30%) died (ii) Survival in year 1 lower for ADCs & higher for NADC Grover et al., 2018 [55 ] 81865 PLHIV and 814 (0.9%) with cancer Female (4%) Male (96%) USA & Canada (HIC) Retrospective cohort 2000-2009 Invasive cervical Cervical Lung, anal oropharynx, & HL Lung (i) died (ii) Lung cancer was leading mortality with 339 deaths Ignacio et al., 2018 [11 ] 1137 with cancer, 257 (22.6%) PLHIV, and 548 (48.2%) HIV negative Female (55.5%) Male (45.5%) Uganda (LIC) Cross-sectional 2015 Cervical, KS, and NHL Cervical Breast, esophageal, head & neck, colorectal, & prostate Breast No Kowalkowski et al., 2014 [56 ] 31576 PLHIV, 967 (3.1%) with cancer (virus-related NADCs only) Males only. USA (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1985-2010 No N/A Hepatocellular, anus, and HL Hepatocellular No Nagata et al., 2018 [57 ] 1001 PLHIV and 61 (6.1%) with cancer (NADCs only) Gender not specified Japan (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1997-2015 No N/A Liver, colorectal, colon, anorectal, gastric, lung, HL, & others Liver No Park et al., 2018 [58 ] 4169 (9.8%) cancers in 42441 PLHIV and 7879 (7.5%) cancers in 104712 HIV negative Gender not specified USA (HIC) Prospective cohort 1999-2015 NHL & KS NHL Anal, liver, lung, prostate, HL, HPV-related cancers, & others Liver & prostate No Chiu et al., 2017 [31 ] 4918 PLHIV, 145 (2.9%) NADMs, & 123 (2.5%) ADMs Female (11%) Male (89%) Canada (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1996-2008 Not specified N/A Lung, anal, breast, head/neck, prostate, liver, rectal, and renal Lung No Engels et al., 2017 [59 ] 46956 PLHIV and 1997 (4.3%) with cancer Gender not specified USA & Canada (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1995-2009 Cervical, KS, and NHL NHL Lung, anal, liver, & anal Lung (i) Deaths attributable to NADCs (7.1%) versus ADCs (2.6%) (ii) Over 50% of these deaths were attributable to NHL, lung, and liver cancers (iii) Mortality /100000 PY of PWHIV higher than US general population during 2014 (186/100 000 PY) Campbell et al., 2016 [60 ] 1127 PLHIV & also with cancer (NADCs only) Female (36.4%) Male (63.6%), Tanzania (LMIC) Retrospective cohort 2002-2014 No N/A Lung, liver, and head & neck Head & neck No Mayor et al., 2016 [61 ] 4213 PLHIV and 281 (6.7%) with cancer Female (28%) Male (72%) Puerto Rico (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1992-2010 KS, NHL, & cervical KS Oro/pharynx, lung, bronchus, liver, anus colon/rectum, vagina, & others Oropharynx (i) Around 50% died within the first year of cancer diagnoses (ii) Lung cancer was leading in 1-year mortality Salters et al., 2016 [62 ] 2211 PLHIV and 77 (3.5%) with cancer Females only ( ) Canada (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1994-2008 Cervical, NHL, and KS Cervical Breast, respiratory system, HL, & digestive system Respiratory system No Yang et al., 2016 [63 ] 1946 PLHIV and 149 (7.7%) with cancer Female (26.8%) Male (73.2%) China (UMIC) Retrospective cohort 2008-2013 NHL, KS, and cervical NHL Gastrointestinal, liver, HL, lung, & breast HL (i) Out of 149, 42 (28.2%) died, mortality /100 PY (ii) More males ( ) versus females died (iii) Mortality rate for ADCs was higher (0.86) than NADCs (0.73) Jaquet et al., 2015 [64 ] 1644 with cancer, 184 (11.2%) PLHIV, and 1460 (88.8%) HIV negative Female (60.3%) Male (39.7%) Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, and Nigeria (LMICs) and Togo (LIC) Cross-sectional 2009-2012 Cervical, KS, and NHL Cervical Breast, liver, prostate, leukemia, colorectal, oropharynx, anogenital, & others Breast No Raffetti et al., 2015 [65 ] 16268 PLHIV and 1159 (7.1%) with cancer Female (21.6%) Male (78.4%) Italy (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1986-2012 KS, NHL, & cervical KS Liver, HL, colon, lung, rectum/anal, testes, larynx, penis, & others Liver (i) Annual standard mortality ratio (ASMR) for ADCs before and after 1998 decreased 2-3-fold from 96.1 to 29.1 (ii) ASMR for NADCs increased 2-fold from 14.3 to 27.5 around same period Silverberg et al., 2015 [66 ] 86620 PLHIV and 196987 HIV negative Gender not specified USA & Canada (HIC) Prospective cohort 1996-2009 KS and NHL KS Lung, anal, liver, HL colorectal, melanoma, oropharynx, & others Lung No Gotti et al., 2014 [32 ] 13388 PLHIV and 866 (6.5%) with cancer Female (22%) Male (78%) Italy (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1998-2012 KS, NHL, & cervical NHL Liver, HL, lung, & breast Liver No Calabresi et al., 2013 [67 ] 5090 HIV-infected and 390 (7.7%) with cancer Female (19.2%) Male (80.8%) Italy (HIC) Retrospective cohort 1999-2009 KS, NHL, & cervical KS HL, liver, melanoma, skin nonmelanin, trachea/lung, prostate, testes, & others Virus related: liver Nonvirus related: skin nonmelanin No Coghill et al., 2013 [68 ] 802 with cancer, 274 (34.2%) PLHIV, & 528 (65.8%) HIV negative Gender not specified Uganda (LIC) Retrospective cohort 2003-2010 Cervical and NHL Cervical HL, breast, & esophageal Breast in the HIV-infected and HL in the HIV-uninfected (i) HIV-infected were more than twice as likely to die during the year following cancer diagnosis compared with HIV-uninfected cancer patients (ii) HIV-infected diagnosed with infection-related cancers had greater than 50% higher risk of death during the year following cancer diagnosis (iii) HIV-infected diagnosed with cancers without an infectious cause also experienced significantly higher risk of death Yanik et al., 2013 [69 ] 11485 PLHIV and 457 (4%) with cancer Gender not specified USA (HIC) Observational cohort 1996-2011 KS, NHL, & cervical KS Lung, anal, breast, liver prostate, HL, colorectal, melanoma, & others Breast No Pinto et al., 2012 [70 ] 730 PLHIV and 30 (4.1%) with cancer Female (33.3%) Male (66.7%) Brazil (UMIC) Cross-sectional 2010-2011 KS, cervical, & NHL KS Hepatocellular, prostate, lung, HL, laryngeal, renal, colon, & penis Prostate No Achenbach et al., 2011 [71 ] 20,677 PLHIV and 650 (3.1%) with cancer Female (14%) Male (86%) USA) (HIC) Multisite retro and prospective cohort 1996-2009 KS, cervical, & NHL KS Lung, anal, prostate, HL, breast, colorectal, liver, & others Lung (i) Crude mortality rate was 20.6/100 PY (ii) Highest mortality was seen in primary CNS NHL, liver, and lung cancers Dauby et al., 2011 [72 ] 3126 PLHIV and 45 (0.03%) with cancer (NADCs only) Female (33.3%) Male (66.7%) Belgium (HIC) Retrospective cohort 2002-2009 No N/A HL, anal, lung, hepatocellular, prostate, bladder, breast, head & neck, & others Anal in men HL in women Out of 45 diagnosed with cancer, 20 (44.4%) died