The Trends and Risk Factors of AIDS-Defining Cancers and Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers in Adults Living with and without HIV: A Narrative Review

Table 2

Incidence and mortality trends for ADCs and NADCs in PLHIV and HIV-negative subgroups.

Article	Country	Incidence		Comparison between PLHIV & HIV negatives	Mortality		Comparison between PLHIV & HIV negatives	Incidence		Mortality
		ADCs	NADCs		ADCs	NADCs		Virus-rel. NADCs	Nonvirus-rel. NADCs	Virus-rel. NADCs	Nonvirus-rel. NADCs
Achenbach et al., 2011 [71]	USA	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	˅	˄	˅	˄
Altuntas et al., 2020 [48]	Turkey	˄	˅	Increased risk of KS and urogenital cancers in PLHIV versus HIV negative	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X
Arora et al., 2021 [42]	India	˅	˄	X	~	~	X	X	X	X	X
Billa et al., 2018 [52]	France	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Calabresi et al., 2013 [67]	Italy	˄	˅	Overall cancer risk 4-fold higher in PLHIV than HIV negative	X	X	X	˄	˅	X	X
Calkins et al., 2020 [49]	USA	˅	˄	X	X	X	Low associated with shorter survival in PLHIV especially women	X	X	X	X
Chiu et al., 2017 [31]	Canada	˅	˄	Higher standard incidence rate for development of NADCs in PLHIV versus HIV negative	X	X	x	X	X	X	X
Coghill et al., 2013 [68]	Uganda	˄	˅	(i) More ADCs (cervical and NHL) diagnosed in PLHIV versus HIV negative; (ii) More NADCs (breast and esophageal) diagnosed in HIV negative versus PLHIV	X	X	Risk of death twice for HIV pos 1-year after cancer diagnosis	X	X	X	X
Engels et al., 2017 [59]	USA & Canada	˅	˄	X	˅	˄	Mortality rate of PLHIV higher than US general population in 2014	X	X	X	X
Fink et al., 2018 [54]	Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, & Honduras	˄	˅	X	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X
Gheorghiță et al., 2019 [50]	Romania	˄	˅	X	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X
Gotti et al., 2014 [32]	Italy	~	~	X	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X
Grover et al., 2018 [55]	USA & Canada	˅	˄	X	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X
Horner et al., 2021 [43]	USA	˅	˄	X	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X
Ignacio et al., 2018 [11]	Uganda	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Jaquet et al., 2015 [64]	Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, & Togo	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Kauma et al., 2023 [40]	Uganda	~	~	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Mayor et al., 2016 [61]	Puerto Rico	˅	˄	(i) The incidence rate of ADCs in the late ART era was 17 times higher in PLHIV than the general population; (ii) Incidence rate of NADCs in late ART era remained twice higher in PLHIV versus general population	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X
Mendoza et al., 2021 [44]	Peru	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Muturi et al., 2023 [41]	Kenya	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Park et al., 2018 [58]	USA	˅	˄	(i) More ADCs in PLHIV versus HIV negative; (ii) More virus-related NADCs in PLHIV versus HIV negative; (iii) More nonvirus-related NADCs in HIV negative versus PLHIV	X	X	X	˅	˄	X	X
Patel et al., 2021 [45]	USA	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Pinto et al., 2012 [70]	Brazil	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Raffetti et al., 2015 [65]	Italy	˄	˅	(i) Overall incidence of ADCs was higher in PLHIV than the Italian general population; (ii) Incidence of NADCs in PLHIV was similar to that of the Italian general population	^˄ ˅	˅ ^˄	X	X	X	X	X
Salters et al., 2016 [62]	Canada	˄	˅	HIV positive women compared to the general population were more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer, HL, NHL, & KS	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Silverberg et al., 2015 [66]	USA & Canada	˅	˄	Cumulative cancer incidence by age 65 and 75 years during 1996–2009 was higher in PLHIV versus HIV negative for all cancer types except colorectal, melanoma, and oropharynx	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Sinha et al., 2019 [51]	India	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Spence et al., 2021 [46]	USA	˅	˄	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Wang et al., 2021 [47]	China	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Yang et al., 2016 [63]	China	˅	˄	X	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	X
Yanik et al., 2013 [69]	USA	˄	˅	X	X	X	X	˅	˄	X	X

Key: ˄ = higher rate; ˅ = lower rate, ~ = similar rate, X = not part of the study. Mortality rate in the first year of ART. ADC mortality higher in pre-ART and lower post-ART while NADC lower in pre-ART and higher post-ART. ADCs: AIDS-defining cancers; NADCs: non-AIDS-defining cancers; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; KS: Kaposi sarcoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; HL: Hodgkin lymphoma; ART: antiretroviral therapy; HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; PLHIV: people living with HIV.