Development of Drying Methodology for Intact Whole Buffalo Liver, Its Characterization, Shelf Life, and Evaluation of Palatability as Pet Treat

Table 1

Proximate composition and physicochemical parameters of fresh (FL) and dried buffalo liver. T2L refers to the buffalo liver dried by surface slicing, piercing, pretreatment, microwaving, and hot air drying. T1L denotes buffalo liver dried in the same way as T2L except without surface slicing and piercing. CL refers to buffalo liver dried simply by hot air drying.

Parameters/liver samples	FL	CL	T1L	T2L
Moisture (%)		^a	^b	^c
Crude fat (%)		^b	^a	^a
Crude protein (%)		^c	^b	^a
Ash (%)		^c	^b	^a
Total carbohydrates (%)		^b	^a	^a
Gross energy (kcal/kg)		^c	^b	^a
Color
		^a	^b	^c
		^a	^b	^ab
		^c	^b	^a
Hydroxyproline (%)		^c	^b	^a
Collagen (%)		^c	^b	^a
Shear force (kg/cm^2)		^c	^b	^a
Water activity		^a	^b	^c
Weight loss (%)	NA	^c	^b	^a
Shrinkage (%)	NA	^c	^b	^a
Rehydration ratio	NA	^c	^a	^b

; ; mean values between columns with different superscripts (a, b, and c) are significantly different (). NA refers to not applicable.