Salivary Lipid Peroxidation and Total Sialic Acid Levels in Smokers and Smokeless Tobacco Users as Maraş Powder

Table 1

Demographic variables for the subjects and the salivary TSA and MDA levels*.

Groups	N	Age (years)	Duration of smoking or MP Use (years)	Consumption of cigarette (cigarettes/day) or MP (g/day)	TSA (μg/mL)	MDA (nmol/mL)
Group I	30	22.23±2.45	—	—	51.60±3.51	0.69±0.15
Group II	33	23.80±3.43	6.03±2.98	16.86±6.78	62.60±3.91^a	1.59±0.28^a
Group II-A	10	23.60±2.63	4.60±2.41	9.20±1.87	61.29±4.32^a	1.34±0.22^a
Group II-B	13	23.00±3.53	5.85±2.76	17.84±2.19	62.87±3.28^a	1.65±0.18^a,d
Group II-C	10	25.57±4.07	8.43±2.99	26.00±3.16	64.25±4.33^a	1.86±0.25^a,c
Group III	37	29.03±6.46	6.03±2.89	19.04±7.95	75.52±6.86^a,b	2.12±0.32^a,b
Group III-A	10	29.50±5.64	4.67±0.81	7.50±0.94	70.28±2.63^a,d	1.67±0.10^a,e
Group III-B	12	29.25±7.03	4.50±2.15	15.62±1.49	73.04±5.31^a,c,f,g	2.02±0.15^a,c,f,i
Group III-C	15	28.67±6.48	7.80±3.02	26.40±4.19	79.60±6.93^a,c,f,g,i,k	2.37±0.21^a,c,f,g,h,j

*Mean values ± standard deviation; X ± SD; TSA: total sialic acid; MDA: malondialdehyde; MP: Maraş powder.
^a𝑃<0.001 versus controls; ^b𝑃<0.001 versus Group II; ^c𝑃<0.001 versus Group II-AL; ^d𝑃<0.01 versus Group II-A; ^e𝑃<0.05 versus Group II-A,^f𝑃<0.001 versus Group II-B; ^g𝑃<0.001 versus Group II-C; ^h𝑃<0.001 versus Group III-A; ⁱ𝑃<0.01 versus Group III-A; ^j𝑃<0.001 versus Group III-B; ^k𝑃<0.01 versus Group III-B.
Group I: Controls.
Group II: Smokers.
Group II-A: 1–10 cigarettes/day; Group II-B: 11–20 cigarettes/day; Group II-C: >20 cigarettes/day.
Group III: MPU.
Group III-A: 1–10 g MP/day; Group III-B: 11–20 g MP/day; Group III-C: >20 g MP/day.