Danger Signals in the Initiation of the Inflammatory Response after Myocardial Infarction

Table 1

DAMPs and their receptors.

	Endogenous ligand	TLR	NLR	Others	References
Proteins, peptides	Amyloid-𝛽	TRL2, TLR4/6	NLRP3		[19–21]
	Complement membrane attack complex		NLRP3		[22]
	α and β defensins	TLR4	NLRP3		[23, 24]
	Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin	TLR2			[25]
	Fetuin A	TLR4			[26]
	Fibrinogen	TLR4			[27]
	Fibronectin-EDA	TLR2, TLR4			[11, 28–30]
	HMGB1	TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9		RAGE	[31–34]
	HSP60	TLR2, TLR4			[35–37]
	HSP70	TRL2, TLR4/6			[38]
	Osteopontin	TLR9 (MyD88)			[39]
	S100A8/A9	TLR4	NLRP3	RAGE	[40–42]
	Tenascin-C	TLR4			[43]
	TNF-𝛼	NLRP3			[44]
Proteoglycans, Glycosaminoglycans	Biglycan	TLR2, TLR4	NLRP3		[45, 46]
	Hyaluronic acid fragments	TLR2, TLR4			[47, 48]
	Versican	TLR2/6			[49]
Fatty acids, lipoproteins	Cholesterol crystals		NLRP3		[50]
	Oxidized LDL	TLR2,TLR4, and TLR4/6			[20, 51]
	Saturated fatty acids	TLR4			[52]
	Serum amyloid A	TLR2, TLR4	NLRP3		[53–55]
Nucleic acids	Mitochondrial DNA	TLR9	AIM2, NLRP3		[54, 56, 57]
	mRNA	TLR3			[58]
	ss RNA	TLR7, TLR8			[59]
Protein-nucleotide complexes	IgG-chromatin complexes	TLR9			[60]
	HMGB1-nucleosome complex	TLR2			[61]
Purine metabolites	ATP		NLRP1b, NLRP3		[62, 63]
	Uric acid	TLR2, TLR4	NLRP3		[64, 65]