| Mediators | Model | Pathophysiological effect | References |
| Histamine | Human gingival fibroblast, skin fibroblast | Fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis | [17, 35, 36] | Serotonin | Rat gingival tissues | Vasoconstriction | [37] | Arylsulphatases | Human gingival tissue | Lipid and proteoglycan hydrolysis | [38] | MMP 1–3, 9, 10 | Human gingival tissues | Matrix degradation | [39–45] | Carboxypeptidase A | Human gingival tissues | Peptide processing | [38] | Kininogenases | Rat gingival tissues | Synthesis of vasodilatory kinins | [46] | Phospholipase | Human gingival fibroblast | Fibroblast proliferation, arachidonic acid generation | [47] | Chymase | Human gingival fibroblast, human gingival tissues | Fibroblast proliferation, angiotensin II generation, | [8, 12, 29] | Tryptase | Human gingival fibroblast, human gingival tissues | fibroblast proliferation, inflammation | [8, 41, 42, 48, 49] | TGF- | Human gingival fibroblast, human gingival tissues | Collagen synthesis, fibronectin generation, reduce MMP-1 synthesis | [13, 31, 32, 34] | b-FGF | Human gingival fibrobalsts, gingival tissues | Fibroblast proliferation | [50] | CSF, GM-CSF | Human gingival fibroblast, human gingival tissues | Fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, cytokine generation | [13, 50, 51] | Chondroitin sulfate, Heparin, Hyaluronic acid | Human gingival fibroblast Human gingival tissues | Inflammation, regulation of cell addition and trafficking | [29, 38, 52] | Chemotactic factors | Human gingival tissues | Leukocytes infliltration | [51] | Corticotropin releasing factor, Endorphins, Somatostatin | Human gingival tissues and crevicular fluid, Rat oral tissues | Vasodilatation, analgesia, inflammation | [38, 53, 54] | Bradykinin | Human gingival tissues, mouse oral tissues | Antiinflammatory | [54] | Substance P | Human gingival fibroblast | Inflammation | [54] | Vasoactive intestinal peptide | Human gingival tissues Rat mandibular gingiva | Vasodilatation | [54] | Leukotriene | Human gingival tissues, human gingival fibroblast, rat oral tissues | Leukocyte chemotaxis | [1, 54–56] | Platelet activating factor | Human gingival tissues, rat tibiae, gingival fibroblasts. | Vasodilatation Vasoconstriction | [3, 53, 54, 56] | Prostaglandin | Human gingival tissues, gingival fibroblast, | Inflammation, fibroblast proliferation | [1, 5, 54, 55] | Nitric Oxide | Crevicular fluid from DIGO developed patients, human gingival tissues | Vasodilatation, neurotransmission | [4, 5, 57] | IL-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16. | Human gingival tissues, gingival fibroblast | Inflammation, leukocyte migration, fibroblast proliferation | [13, 38, 50, 54]
| INF-, MIF | Human gingival tissues | Inflammation, leukocyte proliferation, and activation. | [54]
| TNF-α | Human gingival tissues, gingival crevicular fluid | Gingival inflammation, collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation | [29, 38, 50, 58, 59] | RANTES | Human gingival tissues | Chemoattractant, collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, TNF-α generation | [17, 54, 55] | MCP-1, 3, 4. | Human gingival tissues | Chemoattractant, gingival inflammation | [54] |
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