The Acute Effects of Low-Dose TNF-α on Glucose Metabolism and β-Cell Function in Humans

Table 2

Subject measurements.

Variable (unit)	Time (min)	Trial
		Placebo	TNF-α
TNF-α (pg/mL)	0	0.8±0.1	0.8±0.1
	240	0.8±0.1	15.9±1.7^§†
	330	0.9±0.1	14.2±1.1^§†
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0	1.1±0.2	1.0±0.2
	240	1.5±0.2	9.2±1.0^§†
	330	1.9±0.1	7.0±0.7^§†
Tympanic temperature (°C)	0	36.3±0.1	36.3±0.2
	240	36.5±0.1	37.0±0.1^§†
	330	36.4±0.2	37.2±0.2^§†
HR (beats/min)	0	56±3.5	60±2.7
	240	58±3.3	70±2.1^§†
	330	60±2.6	77±2.6^§†
MAP (mmHg)	0	87±1.6	87±3.3
	240	83±1.4	84±1.8
	330	88±2.7	85±2.8
Lymphocytes (10^9 cells/L)	0	1.8±0.1	1.9±0.1
	240	2.0±0.2	1.1±0.1^§†
	330	1.7±0.1	0.9±0.1^§†
Neutrocytes (10^9 cells/L)	0	3.3±0.4	3.3±0.5
	240	3.7±0.4	7.1±0.5^§†
	330	3.6±0.3	5.8±0.4^§†
Monocytes (10^9 cells/L)	0	0.47±0.03	0.44±0.04
	240	0.47±0.04	0.32±0.04^§†
	330	0.50±0.04	0.30±0.04^§†

Values are means ± S.E.M. MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate.
§Difference (𝑃<0.05) between TNF-𝛼 and placebo trial; †difference (𝑃<0.05) from time = 0 min.