Red Ginseng Extract Ameliorates Autoimmune Arthritis via Regulation of STAT3 Pathway, Th17/Treg Balance, and Osteoclastogenesis in Mice and Human

Figure 1

Red ginseng extract suppresses collagen-induced arthritis. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced. Mice were orally treated with 10 mg/mL of red ginseng extract (RGE) or vehicle only. (a) Clinical scores and incidence of arthritis in CIA-induced DBA/1J mice. (b) Clinical scores and incidence of arthritis in IL-10 KO mice. (c) Representative histological features of the joint of RGE or vehicle-treated mice with CIA. H&E, safranin O, and toluidine blue staining are shown. (d) Representative immunohistochemical staining of the joint of RGE or vehicle-treated mice with CIA (e) Concentrations of CII-specific IgG and IgG2a in sera of RGE or vehicle-treated mice with CIA were determined by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 compared to control mice.

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