Red Ginseng Extract Ameliorates Autoimmune Arthritis via Regulation of STAT3 Pathway, Th17/Treg Balance, and Osteoclastogenesis in Mice and Human

Figure 2

Red ginseng extract reciprocally modulates populations of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in CIA mice. (a) Messenger RNA was isolated from splenocytes of either red ginseng extract (RGE) or vehicle-treated CIA mice. The mRNA expressions of Th17 cell-related molecules were measured by RT-PCR. (b) The proportion of IL-17-producing CD4⁺ T cells in the splenocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. (c) Spleens were subjected to immunostaining for CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ or CD4⁺IL-17⁺ cells. The number of cells was counted in four independent quadrants. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 compared to control mice.

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