Red Ginseng Extract Ameliorates Autoimmune Arthritis via Regulation of STAT3 Pathway, Th17/Treg Balance, and Osteoclastogenesis in Mice and Human

Figure 6

Red ginseng extract inhibits osteoclastogenesis in humans. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with M-CSF (10 ng/mL) and RANKL (50 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of various concentrations of RGE. (a) Cells were fixed and stained for TRAP (original magnification, ×100). The number of TRAP⁺ cells was counted using light microscopy. The representative photographs from each group are shown. (b) The mRNA expressions of various osteoclastogenic markers such as RANK, MMP9. Cathepsin K and CTR were analyzed using real time PCR. BMM: bone-marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage; CTR: calcitonin receptor; MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 compared to control.

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